The Teaching of the Past Tenses in the Indicative Mood in Romance Languages

1941 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 539-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vittorini
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Tenses

Perfects in the Romance Languages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Schaden
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
Language Family ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
Special Relevance ◽  
Point Of Reference

This article is devoted to the description of perfect tenses in Romance. Perfects can be described as verbal forms which place events in the past with respect to some point of reference, and indicate that the event has some special relevance at the point of reference ; in that, they are opposed to past tenses, which localize an event in the past with respect to the moment of utterance. Romance is an interesting language family with respect to perfect tenses, because it features a set of closely related constructions, descending almost all from the same diachronic source yet differing in interesting ways among each other. Romance also provides us with a lesson in the difficulty of clearly pinning down and stating a single, obvious and generally agreed upon criterion of defining a perfect.

scholarly journals Unaccusativity and Perfect Auxiliary Selection in Romance: Theory and an Observational Study in Second Language Acquisition

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
Auxiliary Selection ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of this paper is to investigate the properties associated with unaccusativity and the selection of auxiliary verbs (AUX) in the perfect tenses of the modern Romance languages. The modern languages that have a split-AUX system (such as Italian and French) operate under a principle in which some intransitive verbs select the equivalent of to be as their AUX in the compound past tenses, and others select the equivalent of to have. In research I have conducted over the past decade in the Italian language classroom, Bentley and Eythórsson’s auxiliary selection hierarchy (ASH) is best suited to explain how L2 Italian learners acquire the ability to make the appropriate surface AUX selection.

Habeo and Aveo: The Romance Future

1972 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Gratwick
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
Important Paper ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Past Tenses

‘The sudden emergence of all the post-classical functions of habeo+Infinitive in Tertullian is very remarkable’, as Mr. Coleman has said in his important paper (p. 226) on the origin and development of this structure, so prominent in the formation of the Future and Conditional paradigms of the main Romance languages. The functions which he has in mind are all Prospective: he distinguishes meanings tangential, as he puts it, to Possibility, Obligation/Necessity, Futurity, and, for the past tenses of habeo, Futurity-in-the-Past and Conditioned Unreality (p. 217). In this he essentially follows received opinion, though there have been those who would also distinguish a meaning tangential to Volition. Mr. Coleman gives these short shrift (p. 217 n. 3, p. 219 n. 2). Whether rightly, the reader may judge from what follows.

The Dialect of Jowshaqan Part One: Phonology, Morphology and Syntax

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-116
Author(s):  
Habib Borjian
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Past Tenses

AbstractThis article presents the grammar of Jowshaqani, a Central Iranian dialect. Like other members of this group, Jowshaqani has its own peculiarities; for instance, it has a rich inventory of personal pronouns distinguished by gender in the 3rd person singular, as do verb endings: nen ate “he comes”, néna atea “she comes”, etc. The past tenses of transitive verbs are inflected ergatively, with the agential affixes, which float through the sentence yielding complex syntactic structures.

Temporal Deixis in Old Saxon and Old High German

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-181
Author(s):  
Valentina Concu
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Old Saxon ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Event ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
Past Tenses

Abstract Jetzt ›now‹ and bald ›soon‹ are frequently used in German to express temporal references with present and future readings, respectively. However, it is not unusual to find them combined with the Perfekt and Präteritum, which are commonly described in the literature as past tenses. Although such use of temporal deixis in Modern German is well studied, there is still little research on this topic from a historical perspective. In this paper, I attempt to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the use of the adverb nu ›now‹, ›then‹ in Old Saxon and Old High German. Textual analyses of these works reveal that the ›Hêliand‹ and the ›Evangelienbuch‹ exhibit a use of the adverb nu similar to the use of jetzt and bald in Modern German, since it was found in combination not only with the Präsens, but also with the Präteritum, and with what can be recognized as the prototype of the modern Perfekt. The analyses also show that, although nu was often used as a pragmatic marker to highlight particular passages or convey the author’s attitude in relation to a specific event, it also retained its temporal meaning, especially when combined with the past tenses, establishing the chronological sequence of the narration.

Intervention for co-occurring speech and language difficulties: Addressing the relationship between the two domains

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda Seeff-Gabriel ◽  
Shula Chiat ◽  
Tim Pring
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language Difficulties ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
The Relationship

Although many children are referred with difficulties in both their speech and their language, the literature offers relatively little guidance on their therapy. Should clinicians treat these difficulties independently? Or should treatment depend on the potential impact of one domain on the other? This study aimed to investigate the relationship between speech and morphosyntax in treatment for a 5-year-old boy, B, with speech and language difficulties. Therapy targeted the production of regular past tenses and plurals. B had the necessary phonology for the former but not the latter. Therapy therefore directly targeted production of the past tense but targeted plurals by treating the production of the necessary phonology. After therapy, B successfully produced regular past tenses for both treated and untreated verbs. Irregular verbs did not improve. Treatment for production of word-final /s/ was successful and generalized to untreated words but not to the production of /s/ in initial or medial positions. Plurals formed by adding /s/ but not those by adding /z/ benefited. Similar treatment for production of word-final /z/ was also successful and appeared to generalize to words with /z/ in initial and medial positions. However, although plurals were now marked, they were usually realized as [dz]. The results of this single-case study demonstrate that intervention for children with speech and language impairments should take account of the aspects of speech and morphology that are impaired, and the ways these may impact on each other.

De (on) Verklaarbaarheid Van Fossilisatie

1998 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Elisabeth van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
Different Levels

In the literature about fossilization, several definitions have been given and several explanations have been suggested for this phenomenon. I see fossilization as a long-time stagnation in the T2 learning process, leading to errors based on transfer. Fossilization is caused by sociolinguistic, pyscholinguistic and purely linguistic factors. In this paper I concentrate on the acquisition of syntactic structures and on the role of input and instruction in that process. I argue that, although in the acquisition of some syntactic structures, UG plays an important role, this does not account for the whole learning process: learners have not only to reset parameters when acquiring T2 but have to proceduralize knowledge based on the surface structure of sentences. In the case of the use of past tenses in French, many of the Dutch advanced learners of three different levels of proficiency do not acquire native-like intuitions about the use of these tenses, although input as well as instruction are thorough on this point. I suggest that the past tense system is not UG-dependent and that the instruction does not allow proceduralization of the knowledge.

How multiple past tenses divide the labor: The case of South Baffin Inuktitut

Linguistics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Midori Hayashi ◽  
David Y. Oshima
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Layered System ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linear Scheme ◽  
Temporal Specifications ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
Common Perception ◽  
Masculine Gender

AbstractIt is a common perception that in languages having multiple past tenses with different remoteness specifications, the past tenses cover the entire past without a gap or overlap. This paper demonstrates that this way of looking at multiple-past tense systems is not appropriate for the system in South Baffin Inuktitut (a variety of the Inuit language). The dialect has at least four past tenses: recent, hodiernal, pre-hodiernal, and distant. We argue that the relation between the four tenses cannot be represented by a simple linear scheme for two reasons. First, the pre-hodiernal past has a special status as the “conventionally designated alternative”, which is chosen in cases of remoteness indeterminacy, analogous to, for example, the Russian masculine gender being used in cases of gender indeterminacy. Second, there is overlap in their coverage. The pre-hodiernal and hodiernal past tenses collectively cover the entire past and thus any past situation can be described with one of them. The other two provide means to make more fine-grained and subjective temporal specifications. Comparison will be made between the system in South Baffin Inuktitut and those in some Bantoid languages which have been pointed out in the literature to have a comparable layered system of tenses.

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