Executive Assaults and the Social Foundations of Democracy in Ecuador

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (01) ◽  
pp. 121-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Barndt
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Social Foundations ◽  
State Security ◽  
Democratic Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types

Abstract Although Ecuadorian presidents tolerate most opposition voices most of the time, they routinely try to restrict the basic political liberties of particular critics. In doing so, they initiate executive assaults. Why do some of these executive assaults succeed while others fail? This article analyzes patterns of support for and opposition to publicly contested assaults in Ecuador between 1979 and 2004. Using a combination of statistical tests and a case study, it develops an argument based on the relative power of different types of organizations and associations to influence the outcomes of assault conflicts. The analysis demonstrates that executive assaults fail only when neither the state security forces nor the business sector supports them. In this situation, particular business organizations are able to force presidents to back down. The analysis provides new insights into the social foundations of democratic practice in Ecuador, and Latin America more broadly.

Anatomy of a Violent Protest Wave: Understanding the Mechanisms of Escalation and De-Escalation in Far-Right and Anti-Fascist Street Clashes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-209
Author(s):  
Leanne C. Serbulo
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
State Security ◽  
Social Polarization ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract With the rise of right-wing populist ideologies and ensuing social polarization, political violence has become more widespread. Between 2017 and 2019, far-right extremists and anti-fascists engaged in more than twenty violent protest clashes in Portland, Oregon, USA. Through a protest event analysis of those clashes supplemented with a case study of the protest wave, this paper explores how the mechanisms of radicalization and de-radicalization operate when two violent protest movements collide and interact with state security forces. The three-way interaction among a movement, counter-movement, and the police can produce unanticipated outcomes. For example, rather than de-escalating the situation, police underbidding resulted in an increase in violence between the two movements. Understanding how the mechanisms of radicalization and de-radicalization function in a movement/counter-movement protest cycle can provide insight into the ways in which a movement’s strategy and their adversaries’ responses to it can increase or decrease levels of violence.

Communalizing Colonial Policies and Postcolonial Ethnic Warfare: A Multimethod Analysis of the British Empire

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Matthew Lange ◽  
Emre Amasyali ◽  
Tay Jeong
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Indirect Rule

Abstract In this article, we reorient the literature on colonialism and ethnic violence by exploring how different types of communalizing colonial policy (CCP) affected postcolonial patterns of ethnic warfare. We hypothesize that CCPs have limited or mixed effects when they simply recognize or empower communities but that they promote ethnic warfare when explicitly favoring some communities over others, especially when this discrimination affects the power of communities. To test these hypotheses, we combine a statistical analysis of the British Empire with a focused case study of Myanmar. We find that two relatively non-discriminatory CCPs—the use of communal census categories and high levels of indirect rule—had limited or mixed effects on postcolonial ethnic warfare. Unequal communal representation in the legislature and security forces and a mixed use of indirect rule, on the other hand, are three highly discriminatory CCPs, and we provide evidence that they increased the odds of postcolonial ethnic warfare.

Religious Agency and Time Regimes in the Roman Empire: The Cult of Anubis as a Case Study

Numen ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-76
Author(s):  
Valentino Gasparini
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ancient Religion ◽  
Religious Actors ◽  
Historical Periods

Abstract This article analyzes three different case studies related to the Graeco-Roman cult of Anubis, located in different historical periods (Early, Middle, and Late Roman Empire) and approached by the study of different types of material (namely literary, epigraphic/archaeological, and iconographic sources). The goal of this study is to explore the social dimension of religious practice, stressing its variety, creativity, multiplicity, fluidity, and flexibility of identities, changes in forms of individuality, and spaces for individual distinction. By means of a detailed inquiry of Mustafa Emirbayer and Ann Mische’s schema of “disaggregation” of agency into three component elements (iteration, projectivity, and presentification), this analysis will stress the historical variability of religious agency and will show how, across time, emerging situations forced religious actors to select among alternative possibilities of action by recovering patterns belonging to past routines and creating new future options that responded to present hopes and fears. The results of this investigation will then be conceptualized according to the methodological framework of the Lived Ancient Religion paradigm.

scholarly journals The Business of Anthropology: Communication, Culture and Japan

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 87-109
Author(s):  
Brian Moeran
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Advertising Agency ◽  
The Social ◽  
Anthropological Fieldwork ◽  
Communication Culture ◽  
Potential Use

This article examines the potential use of anthropology as an effective means of studying business organizations. Taking, as a case study, preparations by an advertising agency for a competitive presentation to a potential client in Japan, the author shows how anthropological fieldwork––in particular, the method of participant observation—enabled him to understand and then analyse the social processes underpinning contemporary advertising. In addition, he addresses other issues relevant to success in research: for example, access to an organization, the strategic use of social connections, and the ability to take advantage of unexpected opportunity. Written in the style of a 'confessional' narrative, in which the author's presence and contributions to his informants' work are made obvious, the article shows the clear advantages of the methods of anthropology over those of other disciplines, like management studies, that are engaged in the study of contemporary business organizations.

Becoming a Super-Masculine “Cool Guy”

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-35
Author(s):  
James W. Messerschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types

In this article the author builds on the arguments articulated by Raewyn Connell in her seminal work The Men and the Boys (2000) by summarizing and analyzing a case study of an adolescent boy who was identified at school as a “wimp” and who eventually engaged in sexual violence. Such subordinated boys rarely are—if at all—discussed in childhood education, sociology, and feminist literatures on violence. The synopsis reveals the interrelationship among in-school bullying, reflexivity, embodiment, and the social construction of dominant and hegemonic masculinities through the commission of adolescent sexual violence. The analysis demonstrates the continued relevance of Connell’s work, and the author builds on and expands on Connell’s formulation through, in particular, an examination of reflexivity, dominant masculinities, different types of hegemonic masculinities, and intersectionality.

Corruption and anti-corruption in China: a case study of high-ranking officials

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-734
Author(s):  
Jiahong He
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Social Transitions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Underlying Causes

Purpose With the analysis of the causes of corruption, this study aims to investigate specific anti-corruption measures that can be implemented to reform the political system and the social climate of China. Design/methodology/approach This study examines 97 severe corruption cases of high-ranking officials in China, which occurred between 2012 and 2015. As this insinuates that both institutional and social corruption are major problems in China, the analysis delves into multiple facts of corruption, including different types, four primary underlying causes, and suggestions regarding the implementation of three significant governmental shifts that focus on investigation, prevention tactics and legal regulations. Findings China’s corruption is not only individual-based but also it has developed into institutional corruption and social corruption. Besides human nature and instinct, the causes of corruption can be organised into four categories, namely, social customs, social transitions, institutional designs and institutional operations. For the removed high-ranking officials, the formation of interest chains was an important underlying cause behind their corruption. Originality/value This study makes a significant contribution to the literature because this study provides a well-rounded approach to a complex issue by highlighting the significance of democracy and the rule of law as ways to regulate human behaviour to combat future corruption.

scholarly journals Understanding the Living Conditions of Chinese Urban Neighborhoods through Social Infrastructure Configurations: The Case Study of Tianjin

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Sun ◽  
Weikai Wang ◽  
Tao Sun ◽  
Ya Wang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Residential Communities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The City

Under the unprecedented wave of urbanization and pace of economic development, the living conditions of residents have been unevenly changed in Chinese cities. To understand the diversified living conditions in Chinese urban neighborhoods from the supply-side point of view, new spatial and residential data were gathered to investigate the social infrastructure configurations around the residential communities. Using Tianjin as a case study, the research focuses on six important categories of human needs: education, healthcare, leisure, culture, entertainment, and transportation. Based on the cumulative accessibility measurements of 25 types of facilities, the social infrastructure configurations within neighborhoods are statistically and spatially analyzed and compared. The study discovered that: (1) despite the great diversity of living conditions in the city, the neighborhoods that have better services and strong associations with entertainment and education are prominent; (2) the neighborhoods with advantageous living conditions in different aspects tend to cluster at different places; (3) the neighborhoods of different types of communities, belonging to different administrative districts, or in different urban zones, all have distinctive characteristics in living conditions.

scholarly journals "This is Iraq. People are afraid." Resistance and mobilization in the Maré favelas (Rio de Janeiro)

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-49
Author(s):  
Otávio Raposo
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
State Security ◽  
Local Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Criminal Groups

Violence among criminal groups in dispute over domination of drug trafficking in the favelas and intervention by the state security forces in those areas encourage a climate of fear and oppression that intensifies the segregation that historically afflicts their residents. In Maré, an area of Rio de Janeiro made up of sixteen favelas, some of the most powerful drug trafficking factions operate, and armed conflicts and aggressive behavior by the police are commonplace. This is the backdrop against which the residents of Maré and local organizations have mobilized against the constant violations of their human rights, following an upsurge in the number of conflicts. This article intends to debate the issue of violence in Rio de Janeiro, presenting some of the social struggles that the population of Maré has fought in recent times.

CONFEDERATE MONUMENT INSCRIPTIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Heather A. O’Connell ◽  
Danequa L. Forrest
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Lost Cause ◽  
Deep South ◽  
Social Foundations ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Upper South ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT Confederate monuments are a contested piece of the public landscape. Debates generally focus on the division between “heritage” and “hate,” but some scholars have argued that the meaning of monuments is more complex. There is little research examining variation among Confederate monuments, but this may be critical to understanding their social foundations and consequences. We provide insight into Confederate monuments and their complexity by examining their inscriptions and how the use of different inscriptions changed over time and varies between the Upper South and Deep South. We employ content analysis to organize the inscriptions associated with 856 Confederate monuments located in public spaces throughout the U.S. South into common themes. Our results suggest three distinct types of inscriptions: those connected to the lost cause ideology that glorifies the Confederacy and its cause; those that were comparatively plain in their description of people, places, and events; and others that focused exclusively on mourning the death of Confederate soldiers. The majority of monuments (59%) contain a Lost Cause inscription. Plain monuments comprise 35%, and only 6% of public Confederate monuments were dedicated purely to the dead. Our descriptive analysis also indicates substantial temporal and spatial variation in the use of these different types of inscriptions. Despite sharing a connection to the Confederacy, we assert that the specific messages associated with a monument are more varied and, in part, reflect the social conditions of the time and place in which they were built.

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