scholarly journals Structure and diversity of bacterial, eukaryotic and archaeal communities in glacial cryoconite holes from the Arctic and the Antarctic

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Cameron ◽  
Andrew J. Hodson ◽  
A. Mark Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Diverse Communities ◽  
Cryoconite Hole ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Archaeal Communities

AbstractThe cryosphere presents some of the most challenging conditions for life on earth. Nevertheless, (micro)biota survive in a range of niches in glacial systems, including water-filled depressions on glacial surfaces termed cryoconite holes (centimetre to metre in diameter and up to 0.5 m deep) that contain dark granular material (cryoconite). In this study, the structure of bacterial and eukaryotic cryoconite communities from ten different locations in the Arctic and Antarctica was compared using T-RFLP analysis of rRNA genes. Community structure varied with geography, with greatest differences seen between communities from the Arctic and the Antarctic. DNA sequencing of rRNA genes revealed considerable diversity, with individual cryoconite hole communities containing between six and eight bacterial phyla and five and eight eukaryotic ‘first-rank’ taxa and including both bacterial and eukaryotic photoautotrophs. Bacterial Firmicutes and Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria, eukaryotic Rhizaria, Haptophyta, Choanomonada and Centroheliozoa, and archaea were identified for the first time in cryoconite ecosystems. Archaea were only found within Antarctic locations, with the majority of sequences (77%) related to members of the Thaumarchaeota. In conclusion, this research has revealed that Antarctic and Arctic cryoconite holes harbour geographically distinct highly diverse communities and has identified hitherto unknown bacterial, eukaryotic and archaeal taxa, therein.

scholarly journals Brief communication: ikaite (CaCO<sub>3</sub>*6H<sub>2</sub>O) discovered in Arctic sea ice

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Dieckmann ◽  
G. Nehrke ◽  
C. Uhlig ◽  
J. Göttlicher ◽  
S. Gerland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
First Time

Abstract. We report for the first time on the discovery of calcium carbonate crystals as ikaite (CaCO3*6H2O) in sea ice from the Arctic (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard). This finding demonstrates that the precipitation of calcium carbonate during the freezing of sea ice is not restricted to the Antarctic, where it was observed for the first time in 2008. This finding is an important step in the quest to quantify its impact on the sea ice driven carbon cycle and should in the future enable improvement parametrization sea ice carbon models.

scholarly journals Exceptional loss in ozone in the Arctic winter/spring of 2019/2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 14019-14037
Author(s):  
Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath ◽  
Wuhu Feng ◽  
Rolf Müller ◽  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Sarath Raj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Large Loss ◽  
Ozone Loss ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Severe vortex-wide ozone loss in the Arctic would expose both ecosystems and several millions of people to unhealthy ultraviolet radiation. Adding to these worries, and extreme events as the harbingers of climate change, exceptionally low ozone with column values below 220 DU occurred over the Arctic in March and April 2020. Sporadic occurrences of low ozone with less than 220 DU at different regions of the vortex for almost 3 weeks were found for the first time in the observed history in the Arctic. Furthermore, a large ozone loss of about 2.0–3.4 ppmv triggered by an unprecedented chlorine activation (1.5–2.2 ppbv) matching the levels occurring in the Antarctic was also observed. The polar processing situation led to the first-ever appearance of loss saturation in the Arctic. Apart from these, there were also ozone-mini holes in December 2019 and January 2020 driven by atmospheric dynamics. The large loss in ozone in the colder Arctic winters is intriguing and demands rigorous monitoring of the region.

scholarly journals The Biodiversity and Geochemistry of Cryoconite Holes in Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Lutz ◽  
Lori A. Ziolkowski ◽  
Liane G. Benning
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Eukaryotic Community ◽  
Continental Antarctica ◽  
18S Rrna Genes ◽  
First Time

Cryoconite holes are oases of microbial diversity on ice surfaces. In contrast to the Arctic, where during the summer most cryoconite holes are ‘open’, in Continental Antarctica they are most often ‘lidded’ or completely frozen year-round. Thus, they represent ideal systems for the study of microbial community assemblies as well as carbon accumulation, since individual cryoconite holes can be isolated from external inputs for years. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing of the 16S and 18S rRNA genes to describe the bacterial and eukaryotic community compositions in cryoconite holes and surrounding lake, snow, soil and rock samples in Queen Maud Land. We cross correlate our findings with a broad range of geochemical data including for the first time 13C and 14C analyses of Antarctic cryoconites. We show that the geographic location has a larger effect on the distribution of the bacterial community compared to the eukaryotic community. Cryoconite holes are distinct from the local soils in both 13C and 14C and their isotopic composition is different from similar samples from the Arctic. Carbon contents were generally low (≤0.2%) and older (6–10 ky) than the surrounding soils, suggesting that the cryoconite holes are much more isolated from the atmosphere than the soils.

Belgica in the Arctic

Polar Record ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell-G. Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Oil Refinery ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
First Time

Belgica, which Adrien de Gerlache used on the first expedition to winter in the Antarctic, was originally a bottlenose whaler named Patria, built in Norway in 1884. She was designed and constructed by Johan Chr. Jakobsen, renowned for his design of polar ships. Patria was sold to Adrien de Gerlache and renamed Belgica in 1896. In 1896–97 she was refitted and equipped in Sandefjord, Norway, for an Antarctic expedition. Nansen and Amundsen met for the first time on Belgica's deck. Late in 1899 Belgica returned to Antwerp after more than two years on an Antarctic expedition. From 1901 to 1904 Belgica returned to bottlenose whaling and, in addition, made a voyage to northeast Greenland to establish depots and build houses for the Baldwin-Ziegler Polar Expedition. In 1905 the Duc d'Orléans chartered her to survey the coast of northeast Greenland, and on her return he bought her. In 1907 and 1909 she sailed on Arctic expeditions led by the Duc d'Orléans and captained by de Gerlache. In 1916 she was sold to Det Norske Kulsyndikat and renamed Isfjord. She became a freighter carrying coal from Longyearbyen to ports in northern Norway. In 1918 she was sold and her new owner converted her into a floating cod-liver oil refinery and fish-processing plant. In 1940 she was impounded by British forces and used as a floating ammunition depot. On 19 May 1940 she was sunk during a German air raid. Her wreck was re-discovered in 1990.

scholarly journals PAVLO STEFANOVICH VORONOV — OUTSTANDING POLAR GEOLOGIST (to the 100th anniversary of birth)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
N.N. Shatalov
Keyword(s):  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
The World ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
First Time

The article is dedicated to the outstanding geologist-polar explorer of the USSR, an outstanding naturalist, doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences, Professor Pavel Voronov in the light of 100th anniversary of his birth celebration. The main stages of the scientist’s life, his achievements in studying the geology of a lot of regions of the Arctic Ocean are considered. The contribution of the scientist to the research of geology, tectonics, geography, geomorphology and glaciology of the southern hemisphere of our planet was especially noted. In the 40th-50th years of the last century P.S. Voronov participated in the work of the first and second Russian expeditions in Antarctica. The scientist carried out reconnaissance geological and geomorphological studies of the observatory area, the Bunger oasis, based on hydrographic measurements from the board of the expeditionary vessel «Ob» and analysis of the configuration of the Antarctic coast, for the first time in the world, he established the existence of coastal faults located around East Antarctica. Numerous flights on IL-12 aircraft allowed P.S. Voronov to explore the mountain ranges of Antarctica along the Antarctic Circle. He clarified the position of the Denman glacier and carried out comprehensive geological, geomorphological and tectonic studies in Antarctica. On various issues of geology, geomorphology, glaciology and tectonics of Antarctica, he published more than 60 scientific papers, many of which are pioneering and have retained their relevance to the present day. Professor P.S. Voronov is widely known in the former USSR and abroad for his research in the field of space and geodynamics, tectonics and planetary geomorphology of the Earth’s continents and sea areas. Scientist has written more than 250 scientific works, including 12 monographs. His main works reveal questions about the patterns of morphometry of the Earth’s global relief, the role of the Earth’s rotational forces, the principles and role of shear tectonics in the structure of the Earth’s lithospheres and terrestrial planets. In 2004, the Cambridge International Biographical Center introduced the name of P.S. Voronov to the collection «Living Legends».

scholarly journals Brief Communication: Ikaite (CaCO<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O) discovered in Arctic sea ice

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Dieckmann ◽  
G. Nehrke ◽  
C. Uhlig ◽  
J. Göttlicher ◽  
S. Gerland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Decomposition Product ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
First Time

Abstract. We report for the first time on the discovery of calcium carbonate crystals as ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) in sea ice from the Arctic (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard) as confirmed by morphology and indirectly by X-ray diffraction as well as XANES spectroscopy of its amorophous decomposition product. This finding demonstrates that the precipitation of calcium carbonate during the freezing of sea ice is not restricted to the Antarctic, where it was observed for the first time in 2008. This observation is an important step in the quest to quantify its impact on the sea ice driven carbon cycle.

A Well-Ordered Thing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Gordin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Classic Work ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Dmitrii Mendeleev (1834–1907) is a name we recognize, but perhaps only as the creator of the periodic table of elements. Generally, little else has been known about him. This book is an authoritative biography of Mendeleev that draws a multifaceted portrait of his life for the first time. As the book reveals, Mendeleev was not only a luminary in the history of science, he was also an astonishingly wide-ranging political and cultural figure. From his attack on Spiritualism to his failed voyage to the Arctic and his near-mythical hot-air balloon trip, this is the story of an extraordinary maverick. The ideals that shaped his work outside science also led Mendeleev to order the elements and, eventually, to engineer one of the most fascinating scientific developments of the nineteenth century. This book is a classic work that tells the story of one of the world's most important minds.

Professional pathology in the production of aluminum in the Kola Arctic

2020 ◽  
pp. 767-767
Author(s):  
S. A. Syurin ◽  
S. A. Gorbanev
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Occupational Diseases ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aluminium Production ◽  
First Time

In 2007-2017, 22 occupational diseases were diagnosed for the first time in 18 workers engaged in aluminium production in the Arctic. A marked decrease in occupational morbidity in 2010-2017 was found, which was not associated with changes in working conditions and therefore requires an appropriate scientific explanation.

Lichens of the Oasis Molodyozhnyi and adjacent areas (Enderby Land, Antarctic)

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Andreev
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Water ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Buellia Frigida ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Harsh Climate ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Lichen Flora

Lichen flora and vegetation in the vicinity of the Russian base «Molodyozhnaya» (Enderby Land, Antarctica) were investigated in 2010–2011 in details for the first time. About 500 specimens were collected in 100 localities in all available ecotopes. The lichen flora is the richest in the region and numbers 39 species (21 genera, 11 families). The studied vegetation is very poor and sparse, but typical for coastal oases of the Antarctic continent. The poorness is caused by the extremely harsh climate conditions, insufficient availability of liquid water, ice-free land, and high insolation levels. The dominant and most common lichens are Rinodina olivaceobrunnea, Amandinea punctata, Candelariella flava, Physcia caesia, Caloplaca tominii, Lecanora expectans, Caloplaca ammiospila, Lecidea cancriformis, Pseudephebe minuscula, Lecidella siplei, Umbilicaria decussata, Buellia frigida, Lecanora fuscobrunnea, Usnea sphacelata, Lepraria and Buellia spp.

scholarly journals Metagenomic Analysis of Stress Genes in Microbial Mat Communities from Antarctica and the High Arctic

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibault Varin ◽  
Connie Lovejoy ◽  
Anne D. Jungblut ◽  
Warwick F. Vincent ◽  
Jacques Corbeil
Keyword(s):  
High Arctic ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Stress Genes ◽  
Cyanobacterial Genes ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
The Antarctic

ABSTRACTPolar and alpine microbial communities experience a variety of environmental stresses, including perennial cold and freezing; however, knowledge of genomic responses to such conditions is still rudimentary. We analyzed the metagenomes of cyanobacterial mats from Arctic and Antarctic ice shelves, using high-throughput pyrosequencing to test the hypotheses that consortia from these extreme polar habitats were similar in terms of major phyla and subphyla and consequently in their potential responses to environmental stresses. Statistical comparisons of the protein-coding genes showed similarities between the mats from the two poles, with the majority of genes derived fromProteobacteriaandCyanobacteria; however, the relative proportions differed, with cyanobacterial genes more prevalent in the Antarctic mat metagenome. Other differences included a higher representation ofActinobacteriaandAlphaproteobacteriain the Arctic metagenomes, which may reflect the greater access to diasporas from both adjacent ice-free lands and the open ocean. Genes coding for functional responses to environmental stress (exopolysaccharides, cold shock proteins, and membrane modifications) were found in all of the metagenomes. However, in keeping with the greater exposure of the Arctic to long-range pollutants, sequences assigned to copper homeostasis genes were statistically (30%) more abundant in the Arctic samples. In contrast, more reads matching the sigma B genes were identified in the Antarctic mat, likely reflecting the more severe osmotic stress during freeze-up of the Antarctic ponds. This study underscores the presence of diverse mechanisms of adaptation to cold and other stresses in polar mats, consistent with the proportional representation of major bacterial groups.

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