The definition of human viability: a historical perspective

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Pignotti
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Definition Of

Historical Perspectives on Innovation in Indian Business

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Markovits
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Industrial Firm ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Trading Network

This chapter deals with the question of innovation in Indian business from a historical perspective. After a brief survey of the literature, emphasizing how divided scholarly opinion was regarding the existence of forms of innovation in Indian business prior to the colonial era, the focus shifts to the British period. It is shown that Schumpeter’s definition of innovation equating it with technological innovation cannot be fruitfully applied to the Indian business scene. Two case studies are then proposed: Tata Iron & Steel, the largest Indian industrial firm, is shown to have been innovative in the specific context of India’s backward industrial scene, while the Sindwork merchants of Hyderabad are an instance of an Indian trading network which extended its range to the entire world. Concluding remarks interrogate post-Independence developments and stress the limits of the innovativeness of Indian business, prior to the recent liberal reforms.

A historical perspective on neurological and neuropsychiatric definitions

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
German E Berrios ◽  
Ivana S Marková
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Biological Psychiatry ◽  
Mental Symptom ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Agreed Definition

Taking a historical epistemological perspective, this chapter explores how neurology and neuropsychiatry were constructed. As a medical specialism developing in the 19th century, neurology resulted from the convergence of: (1) the term ‘neurology’; (2) a set of concepts; and (3) a list of disorders. Such a convergence was facilitated by changes in the manner in which the concepts of neuroses, central nervous system, and lesion were to be defined after 1860. Neuropsychiatry carries a less stable epistemology. Underpinned by the foundational claim that mental diseases are diseases of the brain, its meaning has changed pari passu with redefinitions of the concepts such as mind, mental symptom, cause, and meaning. In the UK, there is no agreed definition of neuropsychiatry either and hence what is currently known as ‘organic/biological psychiatry’ and the claim that psychiatry is just a subregion of neurology cannot be considered as coterminous.

The Allais paradox: what it became, what it really was, what it now suggests to us

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Mongin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Short Sequence ◽  
Allais Paradox ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
The Real ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Normative Argument

AbstractWhereas many others have scrutinized the Allais paradox from a theoretical angle, we study the paradox from an historical perspective and link our findings to a suggestion as to how decision theory could make use of it today. We emphasize that Allais proposed the paradox as a normative argument, concerned with ‘the rational man’ and not the ‘real man’, to use his words. Moreover, and more subtly, we argue that Allais had an unusual sense of the normative, being concerned not so much with the rationality of choices as with the rationality of the agent as a person. These two claims are buttressed by a detailed investigation – the first of its kind – of the 1952 Paris conference on risk, which set the context for the invention of the paradox, and a detailed reconstruction – also the first of its kind – of Allais’s specific normative argument from his numerous but allusive writings. The paper contrasts these interpretations of what the paradox historically represented, with how it generally came to function within decision theory from the late 1970s onwards: that is, as an empirical refutation of the expected utility hypothesis, and more specifically of the condition of von Neumann–Morgenstern independence that underlies that hypothesis. While not denying that this use of the paradox was fruitful in many ways, we propose another use that turns out also to be compatible with an experimental perspective. Following Allais’s hints on ‘the experimental definition of rationality’, this new use consists in letting the experiment itself speak of the rationality or otherwise of the subjects. In the 1970s, a short sequence of papers inspired by Allais implemented original ways of eliciting the reasons guiding the subjects’ choices, and claimed to be able to draw relevant normative consequences from this information. We end by reviewing this forgotten experimental avenue not simply historically, but with a view to recommending it for possible use by decision theorists today.

How distant is gurbet? Refik Halid’s representation of Arabs in Gurbet Hikayeleri — with a note on Ottoman and Turkish Orientalisms

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-173
Author(s):  
Hakan T. Karateke
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Short Stories ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Definition Of

This article explores Refik Halid’s (Karay) reflections of his time in exile in Bilad al- Sham and other localities on the Arabian peninsula, as collected in semiautobiographical short stories written during the 1930s and published as Gurbet Hikayeleri (Exile Stories), and compares Refik Halid’s views of the Arab locals with the attitudes described by Ussama Makdisi and Edhem Eldem as “Ottoman Orientalism” and “Turkish Orientalism” respectively. However, I am inclined not to restrict such belittling attitudes towards the subjects who lived in the cultural peripheries of the empire to the nineteenth century. It seems necessary to develop a definition of Ottoman Orientalism that does not restrict the term to the age of reforms, one that can place the perceptions and tensions between groups of people within the empire in their historical perspective.

Delinquency and Social Policy: A Historical Perspective

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Lerman
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Delinquent Youth ◽  
American System ◽  
Correctional System ◽  
Definition Of

The American belief system has traditionally emphasized the ideals of liberty, justice for all, and freedom from arbitrary authority. An examination of our response to delinquent youth, from a historical perspective, reveals a profound discrepancy between these ideals and our societal practices. The issue of liberty is related to the traditional overreach of the A merican definition of delinquency. The issue of justice is related to the American failure to specify a correspondence between degrees of delinquency and degrees of correctional response. Restraint from arbitrary authority is related to the broad discretion that permits more youth to be detained than to be adjudicated in a court of law. An examination of recent data and trends indicates that the American system can be characterized more accurately as a juvenile social control system than as a justice or correctional system.

Abused and Looked After Children as ‘Moral Dirt’: Child Abuse and Institutional Care in Historical Perspective

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARRY FERGUSON
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Looked After Children ◽  
Industrial Schools ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Children In Care ◽  
Radical Reconstruction

This article argues that to provide adequate historical explanations for the maltreatment of children in institutional care it is necessary to ground the analysis fully in the context of the concept of child abuse and definition of childhood that existed at the time, something that many studies fail to do. Drawing primarily on the experience of the Irish industrial schools prior to the 1970s, while most commentators suggest that children were removed into care and treated cruelly because they were poor, there were also many children who entered the industrial schools who had been abused by their parents and welcomed being protected, and the community played a key role in supporting such actions. Children were treated harshly in the industrial schools not only due to their poverty but because they were victims of parental cruelty, which was perceived to have ‘contaminated’ their childhood ‘innocence’. They were treated as the moral dirt of a social order determined to prove its purity and subjected to ethnic cleansing. Prevention of such abuse today requires a radical reconstruction of the traditional status of children in care, while justice and healing for survivors necessitates full remembrance of the totality of the abuse they experienced, and that those responsible are made fully accountable.

scholarly journals Humanism in the space of the philosophical absolute

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgenia Petrovna Sabodina
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Basic Features

The article shows the development of philosophical thought in the time sequence of changes in philosophical absolutes, the basic features of a human Renaissance in a historical perspective, this definition of man in the modern philosophical absolute, which determines the potential of the person identified the importance of overcoming destructive tendencies in modern society.

scholarly journals Brief historical perspective on the definition of high-level nuclear wastes

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Jacobs ◽  
A. T. Szluha ◽  
K. A. Gablin ◽  
A. G. Croff
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Nuclear Wastes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

Demographic change and backlash: Identity politics in historical perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Gest
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
National Identities ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Social Cleavages ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Definition Of

Why are backlash politics so prevalent in the context of demographic change? And so that we may understand how to mitigate social conflict, what role do government and political actors play in their inflammation or reconciliation? Drawing from a larger study of six societies that have dealt with significant demographic change, I review the ways that government and political leaders’ actions can produce three different social cleavages: (1) an overriding and enduring cleavage between ethnic constituencies in national politics, (2) an overriding cleavage that is suppressed by political actors, or (3) a new definition of social cleavages that re-constructs public understandings of the nation. I find that the drivers of these different trajectories relate to state actions in the construction of national identities, which either exclude certain subgroups or absorb them into a state of coexistence. I identify five ways governments channel backlash politics towards exclusion or coexistence, and provide examples from Hawai‘i, a case where historical cleavages between natives and immigrants nearly disappeared. Ultimately, I find that these politics are subject to competing understandings of the nation – the pivotal sense of ‘we’ – that can unite or divide a multiethnic society.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document