Predator?prey interactions between crayfish (Orconectes juvenilis) and snails (Physa gyrina) are affected by spatial scale and chemical cues

2007 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley F. Dickey ◽  
Thomas M. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Physa Gyrina

scholarly journals Experience and relatedness influence mating interactions in a simultaneously hermaphroditic snail, Physa gyrina

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Simultaneous Hermaphrodite ◽  
Male Role ◽  
Female Role ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics ◽  
Physa Gyrina ◽  
Current Partner ◽  
Mating Interaction ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Simultaneous Hermaphrodites

AbstractThe means by which animals assess potential mates is an important issue in studies of reproductive systems. I tested whether an individual’s previous experiences and the relatedness of mates affected mating behavior in a simultaneous hermaphrodite snail, Physa gyrina. Previous work with this species showed reduced reproductive success resulting from both strong outbreeding and inbreeding. Thus, I predicted that individuals should prefer partners of intermediate relatedness. During activity trials, snails moved longer distances when exposed to chemical cues from conspecifics of lesser relatedness. Furthermore, during mating interactions, behavioral responses to relatedness varied with gender-role: male-role behaviors did not vary across relatedness treatments, while snails paired with either closely related or highly dissimilar partners increased their female-role resistance behaviors as interactions escalated. Experiences with their current partner also affected behavioral dynamics. Familiar pairs had fewer matings and longer latency times until a mating occurred than unfamiliar pairs. Snails acting in the female role also exhibited higher resistance rates in familiar pairs than in unfamiliar pairs. Previous, brief exposure to chemical cues in a non-mating context also influenced behavior during a subsequent mating interaction. Snails that were previously exposed to chemical cues from unfamiliar individuals tended to be more likely to occupy the male role following an encounter, and had significantly lower copulation frequencies and higher female-role resistance rates (i.e. were choosier) than those previously exposed to cues from familiar individuals. Overall, the results show that: 1) relatedness, past exposure to conspecific chemical cues, and experience with a current partner all influence mating behaviors in these snails; and 2) in these simultaneous hermaphrodites, an individual’s responses depend on whether it is occupying the male or female role.

The interaction of spatial scale and predator-prey functional response

1997 ◽  
Vol 95 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tegan W. Blaine ◽  
Donald L. DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Predator Prey

Chemically mediated effects of injured prey on behavior of both prey and predators

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Dickey ◽  
Thomas McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Refuge Use ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Prey Interaction ◽  
Crayfish Species

AbstractWe examined the behavioral responses of aquatic snails (prey) and two species of crayfish (predators) following exposure to chemical cues from injured snails. Snail survival rates and crayfish capture rates were compared between cued treatments and controls. Snails (Physa gyrina) responded to chemical cues by significantly increasing refuge use (i.e. moving to the waterline, floating or crawl-out behavior). Despite their responses, use of refugia did not influence survival rates. Crayfish species differed in their responses to these same chemicals. Orconectes juvenilis became more active (including increased movements across the substrate and reaching up sides of aquaria). In contrast, the activity levels of Procambarus clarkii did not significantly change. Nevertheless, P. clarkii captured snails in less time than O. juvenilis, regardless of whether injured-snail cue was present, and the presence of these cues did not significantly influence capture times for either crayfish species. This study provides strong evidence that injury-released chemical cues can elicit behavioral responses from both conspecific prey and their predators, but found no benefits of response for either prey or predators. The complex interplay of effects makes it difficult to draw simple, general insights about the benefits of the responses for either participant during a predator-prey interaction.

scholarly journals Diel vertical behaviour, predator–prey relationships, and occupation of space by jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) off Chile

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1105-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Bertrand ◽  
Maria Angela Barbieri ◽  
Jose Córdova ◽  
Carola Hernández ◽  
Fabián Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Jack Mackerel ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Southeastern Pacific ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Trachurus Murphyi

Abstract In the southeastern Pacific, jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi, Carangidae) is a heavily exploited pelagic species, and its presence in Chilean waters in autumn and winter is assumed to be mainly due to an inshore feeding migration. Predator–prey relationships are known to depend on the spatial and temporal scale of observation, but they can also be strongly affected by factors such as diel vertical migration. In studying the case of jack mackerel in detail, we used data from three acoustic surveys carried out in central Chile in 1997, 1998, and 1999. In terms of spatial occupation, jack mackerel behaviour is “atypical” behaviour, i.e. more aggregated during the night than during the day. The patterns we observed can be related to their nocturnal active foraging behaviour. Diel feeding behaviour is therefore a key factor in the aggregating behaviour of jack mackerel and its vulnerability to the purse-seine fishery that targets these nocturnal aggregations. This particular fish diel feeding behaviour also affected predator–prey relationships in relation to the spatial scale. Positive correlations at a “small” spatial scale (<7–25 km) were observed during the night when jack mackerel foraged, but not during the day. Finally, we show that prey biomass was lower where jack mackerel were abundant, which could indicate a jack mackerel top–down control on prey communities.

scholarly journals Spatial scale influences the outcome of the predator-prey space race between tadpoles and predatory dragonflies

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 522-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
John I. Hammond ◽  
Barney Luttbeg ◽  
Tomas Brodin ◽  
Andrew Sih
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Space Race

scholarly journals Perch, Perca fluviatilis show a directional preference for, but do not increase attacks toward, prey in response to water-borne cortisol

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Henderson ◽  
Mary R. Ryan ◽  
Hannah M. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Perch Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Directional Preference ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Water Borne

In freshwater environments, chemosensory cues play an important role in predator-prey interactions. Prey use a variety of chemosensory cues to detect and avoid predators. However, whether predators use the chemical cues released by disturbed or stressed prey has received less attention. Here we tested the hypothesis that the disturbance cue cortisol, in conjunction with visual cues of prey, elevates predatory behavior. We presented predators (perch, Perca fluviatilis) with three chemosensory choice tests and recorded their location, orientation, and aggressive behavior. We compared the responses of predators when provided with (i) visual cues of prey only (two adjacent tanks containing sticklebacks); (ii) visual and natural chemical cues of prey vs. visual cues only; and (iii) visual cues of prey with cortisol vs. visual cues only. Perch spent a significantly higher proportion of time in proximity to prey, and orientated toward prey more, when presented with a cortisol stimulus plus visual cues, relative to presentations of visual and natural chemical cues of prey, or visual cues of prey only. There was a trend that perch directed a higher proportion of predatory behaviors (number of lunges) toward sticklebacks when presented with a cortisol stimulus plus visual cues, relative to the other chemosensory conditions. But they did not show a significant increase in total predatory behavior in response to cortisol. Therefore, it is not clear whether water-borne cortisol, in conjunction with visual cues of prey, affects predatory behavior. Our results provide evidence that cortisol could be a source of public information about prey state and/or disturbance, but further work is required to confirm this.

Is the reaction to chemical cues of predators affected by age or experience in fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra)?

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Ibáñez ◽  
Barbara A. Caspers ◽  
Pilar López ◽  
José Martín ◽  
E. Tobias Krause
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Predator Recognition ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Potential Predator ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Chemical Recognition ◽  
Behavioural Reaction ◽  
Salamandra Salamandra ◽  
In Fire

Predation is one of the strongest forces driving natural selection. Predator success reduces future prey fitness to zero. Thus, recognition and avoidance of a potential predator is an essential fitness-relevant skill for prey. Being well equipped in the predator-prey arms race is highly adaptive. In this context we tested whether age and/or potential experience of fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) affected their behaviour towards the chemical signature of a potential predator. We evaluated the space use of salamanders in a test arena with a shelter containing chemical cues from a predator (i.e., a rat) and a clean shelter. Our results demonstrate that naïve subadult fire salamanders do show a significant behavioural reaction towards rat odour. However, they do not avoid the chemical cues of the potential predator, but instead have a significant preference for the shelter with rat faeces. In contrast to this, both the naïve adult and wild-caught adult fire salamanders showed neither a preference nor an avoidance of rat scent. These results could suggest a role of age in odour-based predator recognition in salamanders. Similarly, predator recognition through chemical cues could be more important early in life when the young fire salamanders are more vulnerable to predatory attacks and less important in other life stages when salamanders are less subjected to predation. In conclusion, future studies considering wild-caught subadults should disentangle the importance of previous experience for predator chemical recognition.

scholarly journals Microplastic leachates impair behavioural vigilance and predator avoidance in a temperate intertidal gastropod

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 20180453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Seuront
Keyword(s):  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Littorina Littorea ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Intertidal Gastropod

Microplastics are a ubiquitous source of contaminations in marine ecosystems, and have major implications for marine life. Much effort has been devoted to assessing the various effects of microplastics on marine life. No evidence exists, however, on the effects of microplastic leachates on chemically mediated predator–prey interactions and the ability of prey to detect and avoid its predator. This study shows that microplastic leachates have direct biological effects by disturbing the behavioural response of the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea to the presence of Carcinus maenas chemical cues, hence increasing their vulnerability to predation. Leachates from virgin and beached pellets respectively impaired and inhibited L. littorea vigilance and antipredator behaviours. These results suggest that the biological effects from microplastic leachates may have major implications for marine ecosystems on taxa that rely on chemosensory cues to escape predation.

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