Income Adequacy and Social Security Differences between the Foreign-Born and U.S.-Born

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Cohen ◽  
Howard Iams
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Retirement Income ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Income Adequacy ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
The U.S

This paper projects retirement income and Social Security taxes and benefits among the foreign-born and U.S.-born in the United States. Focusing on the Depression and the late baby boom birth cohorts, we find that foreign-born persons have higher poverty rates than the U.S.-born, and as a group do not receive higher lifetime net benefits from Social Security than do the U.S.-born. However, persons from the late baby boom cohort who immigrated after 1969 have higher projected rates of return in Social Security than do U.S.-born persons of the same birth cohort.

Diaspora in the United States: Chinese and Indians Compared

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Skop ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
China And India ◽  
History Of ◽  
Migrant Groups ◽  
The U.S

AbstractIn recent years, the migration rates from both China and India to the U.S. have accelerated. Since 2000 more than a third of foreign-born Chinese and 40% of foreign-born Indians have arrived in that country. This paper will document the evolving patterns of immigration from China and India to the U.S. by tracing the history of immigration and racial discrimination, the dramatic transitions that have occurred since the mid-20th century, and the current demographic and socioeconomic profiles of these two migrant groups.

scholarly journals Determinants of Influenza Mortality Trends: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Influenza Mortality in the United States, 1959–2016

Demography ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1723-1746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Acosta ◽  
Stacey A. Hallman ◽  
Lisa Y. Dillon ◽  
Nadine Ouellette ◽  
Robert Bourbeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Early Life Exposure

Abstract This study examines the roles of age, period, and cohort in influenza mortality trends over the years 1959–2016 in the United States. First, we use Lexis surfaces based on Serfling models to highlight influenza mortality patterns as well as to identify lingering effects of early-life exposure to specific influenza virus subtypes (e.g., H1N1, H3N2). Second, we use age-period-cohort (APC) methods to explore APC linear trends and identify changes in the slope of these trends (contrasts). Our analyses reveal a series of breakpoints where the magnitude and direction of birth cohort trends significantly change, mostly corresponding to years in which important antigenic drifts or shifts took place (i.e., 1947, 1957, 1968, and 1978). Whereas child, youth, and adult influenza mortality appear to be influenced by a combination of cohort- and period-specific factors, reflecting the interaction between the antigenic experience of the population and the evolution of the influenza virus itself, mortality patterns of the elderly appear to be molded by broader cohort factors. The latter would reflect the processes of physiological capital improvement in successive birth cohorts through secular changes in early-life conditions. Antigenic imprinting, cohort morbidity phenotype, and other mechanisms that can generate the observed cohort effects, including the baby boom, are discussed.

Accurately Counting Asian Americans Is a Civil Rights Issue

2018 ◽  
Vol 677 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lee ◽  
Karthick Ramakrishnan ◽  
Janelle Wong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Data Disaggregation ◽  
Rights Issue ◽  
The U.S

Asian Americans are the fastest-growing group in the United States, increasing from 0.7 percent in 1970 to nearly 6 percent in 2016. The U.S. Census Bureau projects that by 2065, Asian Americans will constitute 14 percent of the U.S. population. Immigration is fueling this growth: China and India have passed Mexico as the top countries sending immigrants to the United States since 2013. Today, two of three Asian Americans are foreign born—a figure that increases to nearly four of five among Asian American adults. The rise in numbers is accompanied by a rise in diversity: Asian Americans are the most diverse U.S. racial group, comprising twenty-four detailed origins with vastly different migration histories and socioeconomic profiles. In this article, we explain how the unique characteristics of Asian Americans affect their patterns of ethnic and racial self-identification, which, in turn, present challenges for accurately counting this population. We conclude by discussing policy ramifications of our findings, and explain why data disaggregation is a civil rights issue.

When Immigrants Are Not Migrants: Counting Arrivals of the Foreign Born Using the U.S. Census

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ellis ◽  
Richard Wright
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Migration Status ◽  
Recent Immigrant ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Way

This paper compares characteristics of recent immigrant arrivals in the United States using two measures from the decennial U.S. census: the came-to-stay question and the migration question. We show that a little under 30 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1985–1990 on the 1990 U.S. Census Public Use Micro Sample were resident in the United States on April 1, 1985. A similar analysis of the 1980 censue reveals that 22 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1975–1980 lived in the United States on April 1, 1975. Thus among recent arrivals, defined as those who reported they came to stay in the quinquennium preceding the census, a large number were resident in the United States five years before the census date. Furthermore, the proportion of recent arrivals present in the United States five years before the census increased between 1975–1980 and 1985–1990. We show that the profile of recent arrivals is sensitive to their migration status. Generally, in both the 1975–1980 and 1985–1990 cohorts, those resident in the United States five years before the census have significantly less schooling and lower incomes than those who were abroad. Accordingly, we argue that estimates of the skill levels and hourly wages of recent arrivals to the United States vary with the way arrival is measured. Researchers who rely on Public Use samples of the U.S. census for their data should be aware that the year of entry question implies a broader definition of arrival than the migration question. We caution that immigration researchers should consider the idea of arrival more carefully to help distinguish newcomers from the resident foreign born.

Black Americans and the State in Turn-of-the-Century Guatemala

2008 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-609
Author(s):  
Frederick Douglass Opie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Illegal Immigrants ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
The U.S

In May 2006, foreign-born workers, largely from Latin America, mobilized across the United States in response to calls from anti-immigrant groups for tougher federal policies against illegal immigrants. About 400,000 protested in Chicago, 300,000 in Los Angeles, and 75,000 in Denver. In fifty cities between Los Angeles and New York, workers organized walkouts, demonstrations, and rallies in an effort to show just how important they were to the smooth operation of the U.S. economy.

scholarly journals Latin American Immigration to the United States

Daedalus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Tienda ◽  
Susana M. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Children Of Immigrants ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Latin American Immigration ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

This essay provides an overview of immigration from Latin America since 1960, focusing on changes in both the size and composition of the dominant streams and their cumulative impact on the U.S. foreign-born population. We briefly describe the deep historical roots of current migration streams and the policy backdrop against which migration from the region surged. Distinguishing among the three major pathways to U.S. residence – family sponsorship, asylum, and unauthorized entry – we explain how contemporary flows are related both to economic crises, political conflicts, and humanitarian incidents in sending countries, but especially to idiosyncratic application of existing laws over time. The concluding section highlights the importance of investing in the children of immigrants to meet the future labor needs of an aging nation.

The Latino Immigrants’ Experience in Obtaining Required Childhood Vaccinations

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-368
Author(s):  
Barbara S. deRose
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Latino Immigrants ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Care System

Introduction: Alarming increases in childhood disease outbreaks present particular threats to children of immigrants in the United States. The researcher explores issues Latino immigrants experience when vaccinating their children in U.S. health care system. Methodology: A purposive sample of 11 Latino immigrants who sought immunizations for their foreign-born children during their first 5 years in the United States was obtained. Interview questions, probes, and data collection methods were based on interpretive phenomenology. Results: Trust issues emerged as the main theme from the Latino immigrants’ perspective based on interactions with the health care system: trusting themselves as parents to vaccinate children, trusting/mistrusting the U.S. health care providers/facilities, and mistrusting the U.S. health care system. Discussion: The researcher reports disparities in access to health care within a family unit. Parental distress results when Latino immigrants experience health care disparities between U.S.-born and foreign-born children. This can be mitigated by making vaccination practices and health care policies consistent.

The Future of Social Security

1985 ◽  
Vol 479 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM C. BIRDSALL ◽  
JOHN L. HANKINS
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Equity Options ◽  
Baby Boom Generation ◽  
Realistic Possibility ◽  
Financial Soundness ◽  
Short Run

Social security has been the most, perhaps the only, popular social welfare program in the United States. Until recently it has steadily expanded in coverage, beneficiaries, and costs with little fanfare or notice. Since the mid-1970s that expansion has begun to threaten its financial soundness. Literal bankruptcy has become a short-run possibility as expenditures continually outrun receipts. Worse, in some respect, is the realistic possibility that the retirement costs of the baby-boom generation in the twenty-first century may be too great a burden for future workers to bear. How well social security has done, is doing, and is projected to do are analyzed in terms of the system's twin goals of adequacy and individual equity. Options for change are severely limited by our stumbling economy and the high costs of a mature pension system. It is not likely that the traditional groups and alliances that played important roles in the expansion of social security will play predictable roles in its retrenchment.

scholarly journals Uncertainty About the Size of the Unauthorized Foreign-Born Population in the United States

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Van Hook ◽  
Anne Morse ◽  
Randy Capps ◽  
Julia Gelatt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Naturalized Citizens ◽  
Coverage Error ◽  
Legal Permanent Residents ◽  
Permanent Residents ◽  
The U.S

Abstract One of the most common methods for estimating the U.S. unauthorized foreign-born population is the residual method. Over the last decade, residual estimates have typically fallen within a narrow range of 10.5 to 12 million. Yet it remains unclear how sensitive residual estimates are to their underlying assumptions. We examine the extent to which estimates may plausibly vary owing to uncertainties in their underlying assumptions about coverage error, emigration, and mortality. Findings show that most of the range in residual estimates derives from uncertainty about emigration rates among legal permanent residents, naturalized citizens, and humanitarian entrants (LNH); estimates are less sensitive to assumptions about mortality among the LNH foreign-born and coverage error for the unauthorized and LNH populations in U.S. Census Bureau surveys. Nevertheless, uncertainty in all three assumptions contributes to a range of estimates, whereby there is a 50% chance that the unauthorized foreign-born population falls between 9.1 and 12.2 million and a 95% chance that it falls between 7.0 and 15.7 million.

Book Reviews

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1150-1155
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Jewish Migration ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Simon Kuznets ◽  
The U.S

Barry R. Chiswick of George Washington University reviews, “Jewish Economies: Development and Migration in America and Beyond. Volume 1. The Economic Life of American Jewry” by Simon Kuznets and “Jewish Economies: Development and Migration in America and Beyond. Volume 2. Comparative Perspectives on Jewish Migration” by Simon Kuznets. The EconLit Abstract of the first reviewed work begins: “Three papers present Simon Kuznets's previously unpublished scholarship on Jewish economic history in the United States. Papers discuss economic structure and life of the Jews; economic structure of the U.S. Jewish population-recent trends; and economic growth of the U.S. Jewish population.” The EconLit Abstract of the second reviewed work begins: “Three previously published papers examine Jewish migration. Papers discuss immigration and the foreign born; Israel's economic development; and immigration of Russian Jews to the United States-background and structure. Index.”

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