Education's economic return in multicultural Australia: Demographic analysis

This article focuses on the impact of education as the most important human capital endowment in the context of migration, religion, gender and ethnic identity from a demographic perspective. It presents research-based evidence to address such key research questions as whether and how significantly women's education provides equal benefit in the labour market for individuals, based on their migration status, religion, and ethnic identity. The field of this study is the multi-ethnic and multicultural context of Australia with a wide range of ethnic and religious groups of migrants from throughout the world. Preliminary results show that labour market achievement is positively and significantly associated with the educational attainment of individuals, irrespective of their migration status, religious affiliation and ethnicity. However, more comprehensive analysis from comparative perspectives reveals that the positive economic return of education is higher for natives (compared with migrants), for ethnic migrants from developed regions of origin (compared with those from less developed regions of origin) and for non-Muslims (compared with Muslims). The article provides two plausible explanations for these patterns. The first refers to the lack of recognition of overseas qualifications and to the devaluation of foreign education that particularly applies to ethnic migrants from less developed regions. The second relates to disadvantage through structural discrimination against migrants, particularly when their cultural and religious identity, such as Islamic names and dress codes, are distinctively displayed. In sum, this analysis presents further research-based evidence to go beyond the human capital theory in order to explain more appropriately the economic return of women's education in the context of religion and migration from a demographic perspective.

Internal Migration in the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE)

<p>This thesis studies the short term outcomes in family annual income changes associated with internal migration in New Zealand. This is carried out through analysis of the unit record dataset produced from the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE) which is a longitudinal social survey undertaken by Statistics New Zealand starting in October 2002. Results from data analysis shows us that family migration status and time of measurement have a close relationship with family annual income. Moveover, family structure, average age of adult members in a family, education level of family members, ownership of family residential property and the number of dependent children in a family are all factors related to family annual income. We apply the General Linear Mixed Model to control these confounding variables and explore the relationship between migration status and annual income of a family. The results from our final model show that changes in the family annual income from before to after their internal migration are different for families. The difference depends on the average age of adult family members. Families with a younger average age benefit from internal migration: their family annual incomes are increased shortly after their movement. In contrast, families with a older average age experience a loss of income.</p>

Internal Migration in the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE)

<p>This thesis studies the short term outcomes in family annual income changes associated with internal migration in New Zealand. This is carried out through analysis of the unit record dataset produced from the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE) which is a longitudinal social survey undertaken by Statistics New Zealand starting in October 2002. Results from data analysis shows us that family migration status and time of measurement have a close relationship with family annual income. Moveover, family structure, average age of adult members in a family, education level of family members, ownership of family residential property and the number of dependent children in a family are all factors related to family annual income. We apply the General Linear Mixed Model to control these confounding variables and explore the relationship between migration status and annual income of a family. The results from our final model show that changes in the family annual income from before to after their internal migration are different for families. The difference depends on the average age of adult family members. Families with a younger average age benefit from internal migration: their family annual incomes are increased shortly after their movement. In contrast, families with a older average age experience a loss of income.</p>

Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive

The principles of equality and non-discrimination offer potentially valuable tools to challenge discriminatory practices employed by States against non-citizens. However, nationality and immigration-related exceptions are an established feature of non-discrimination laws. Such exceptions raise fundamental questions about the scope of the protection offered by anti-discrimination laws and have the potential to perpetuate, rather than eliminate, race discrimination. This article addresses this critical but often neglected issue, through a doctrinal analysis of two specific exceptions - Articles 1(2) and 1(3) of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and Article 3(2) of the EU's Race Equality Directive - and an examination of their impact in practice at the domestic level. We argue that nationality and migration status exceptions must be interpreted as narrowly as possible, in line with the core purpose of these instruments to eliminate race discrimination. Furthermore, we suggest that the interplay between these legal frameworks at the domestic level of implementation takes on particular importance in defining the scope and limits of nationality and migration-based exceptions.

Lonely, but Not Alone: Qualitative Study among Immigrant and Native-Born Adolescents

This paper explores loneliness as it is understood and experienced by adolescents, with a special focus on the importance of their migration status. We recruited students from five schools following a maximum variation sampling scheme, and we conducted 15 semi-structured, individual interviews with eighth-grade adolescents (aged 14–15 years) that were immigrants, descendants, and with a Danish majority background. A thematic analysis was applied with a special focus on differences and similarities in understanding and experiencing loneliness between adolescents with diverse migration status. The results showed more similarities than differences in loneliness. Generally, loneliness was described as an adverse feeling, varying in intensity and duration, and participants referenced distressing emotions. Feeling lonely was distinguished from being alone and characterized as an invisible social stigma. A variety of perceived social deficiencies were emphasized as causing loneliness, emerging in the interrelation between characteristics of the individual and their social context. The results add to the current literature by highlighting that it is not the presence of specific individual characteristics that causes loneliness; instead, loneliness is dependent on the social contexts the individual is embedded in. Differences across migration status were few and related to variations in the adolescents’ individual characteristics. The findings highlight the importance of (1) studying the characteristics of both the individual and the social context in research on the antecedents to adolescents’ loneliness, and (2) applying this perspective in other studies on the importance of migration status.

China’s International Migration: Status and Characteristics

This chapter provides an overview of China’s role in global migration flows, as both one of the largest sources of international migrants and an increasingly popular destination for work, travel, or study. The chapter reviews key trends related to China’s outbound and inbound migration, including geographical distribution, citizenship and visa issues, employment, and other forms of migration. It also summarizes relevant policy and institutional developments, including the recent creation of China’s National Immigration Administration. Finally, the chapter outlines a series of measures to improve migration governance, raise global talent competitiveness, and enhance international cooperation on migration. It is proposed that China play a larger international role in this field and promote a more person-centered approach to global migration governance.

The experience of violence of Syrian women living in Konya: An intersectional study through the narratives of service providers

This study aims to analyze Syrian women’s experience of violence from the perspective of the service providers by using intersectionality as an analytical lens. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 13 service providers working in areas highly populated by Syrians in Konya, Turkey. Harmful traditional practices, societal violence reflected in gender-based discrimination, discrimination in work life, and inability to access to complaint mechanisms are the basic findings of the study. Revealing how the intersections and interrelatedness of class, ethnicity, culture, and migration status shape the experiences of Syrian women is expected to contribute to the implementation of anti-oppressive practices of social workers.