The Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Other Neuropeptides in the Regulation of the Immune Response in Vitro and in Vivo

The continuation of the primary and secondary antibody response to human serum albumin (HSA), induced in vivo, was followed in explanted chicken spleen fragments. The effect of actinomycin D (AMD) on the in vitro response was studied in spleens from chickens injected with various doses of HSA and removed at differing intervals after injection. The antibody response of "early spleen" cultures was AMD-sensitive, while cultures of spleens removed later were AMD-resistant. It was suggested that this shift represented the development of cells with in vivo preformed RNA involved in specific immunoglobulin synthesis. With increasing doses of HSA, the AMD-sensitive phase was prolonged, suggesting the delay of mRNA formation or some other AMD-inhibitable process in vivo. With large doses of HSA, the immune response in vitro was decreased, starting after a 1–2 day delay and not occurring in the presence of AMD. Massive doses of HSA completely inhibited the continuation of the response in vitro by spleen fragments removed between the 2nd and 5th day after injection. The results point to the controlling role of antigen dose in determining the onset of macromolecular synthesis during immunocyte maturation.

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Arginase Activity in Eisenia andrei Coelomocytes: Function in the Earthworm Innate Response

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22073687 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (7) ◽

pp. 3687

Author(s):

Joanna Homa ◽

Alina Klosowska ◽

Magdalena Chadzinska

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Arginase Activity ◽

Eisenia Andrei ◽

Heavy Metals Ions ◽

First Time ◽

Important Marker

Arginase is the manganese metalloenzyme catalyzing the conversion of l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea. In vertebrates, arginase is involved in the immune response, tissue regeneration, and wound healing and is an important marker of alternative anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages. In invertebrates, data concerning the role of arginase in these processes are very limited. Therefore, in the present study, we focused on the changes in arginase activity in the coelomocytes of Eisenia andrei. We studied the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), heavy metals ions (e.g., Mn2+), parasite infection, wound healing, and short-term fasting (5 days) on arginase activity. For the first time in earthworms, we described arginase activity in the coelomocytes and found that it can be up-regulated upon in vitro stimulation with LPS and H2O2 and in the presence of Mn2+ ions. Moreover, arginase activity was also up-regulated in animals in vivo infected with nematodes or experiencing segment amputation, but not in fasting earthworms. Furthermore, we confirmed that the activity of coelomocyte arginase can be suppressed by l-norvaline. Our studies strongly suggest that similarly to the vertebrates, also in the earthworms, coelomocyte arginase is an important element of the immune response and wound healing processes.

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STAT3 Knockdown in B16 Melanoma by siRNA Lipopolyplexes Induces Bystander Immune Response In Vitro and In Vivo

Translational Oncology ◽

10.1593/tlo.11100 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 178-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Aws Alshamsan ◽

Samar Hamdy ◽

Azita Haddadi ◽

John Samuel ◽

Ayman O.S. El-Kadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

B16 Melanoma ◽

Immune Response In Vitro

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Polystyrene nanoplastics accumulate in ZFL cell lysosomes and in zebrafish larvae after acute exposure, inducing a synergistic immune response in vitro without affecting larval survival in vivo

Environmental Science Nano ◽

10.1039/d0en00553c ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 2410-2422

Author(s):

Irene Brandts ◽

Marlid Garcia-Ordoñez ◽

Lluis Tort ◽

Mariana Teles ◽

Nerea Roher

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Larval Survival ◽

Liver Cells ◽

Acute Exposure ◽

Zebrafish Larvae ◽

Lethal Infection ◽

Zebrafish Liver ◽

Immune Response In Vitro

Polystyrene nanoplastics are internalized in zebrafish liver cells, accumulating in lysosomes, and in zebrafish larvae but do not affect the larval suvival to a lethal infection.

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Kallikrein 12 Regulates Innate Resistance of Murine Macrophages against Mycobacterium bovis Infection by Modulating Autophagy and Apoptosis

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8050415 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 415 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Naveed Sabir ◽

Tariq Hussain ◽

Yi Liao ◽

Jie Wang ◽

Yinjuan Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Serine Proteases ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Murine Macrophages ◽

Immune Response Regulation ◽

The Difference

Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex causing bovine tuberculosis (TB) and imposing a high zoonotic threat to human health. Kallikreins (KLKs) belong to a subgroup of secreted serine proteases. As their role is established in various physiological and pathological processes, it is likely that KLKs expression may mediate a host immune response against the M. bovis infection. In the current study, we report in vivo and in vitro upregulation of KLK12 in the M. bovis infection. To define the role of KLK12 in immune response regulation of murine macrophages, we produced KLK12 knockdown bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) by using siRNA transfection. Interestingly, the knockdown of KLK12 resulted in a significant downregulation of autophagy and apoptosis in M. bovis infected BMDMs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this KLK12 mediated regulation of autophagy and apoptosis involves mTOR/AMPK/TSC2 and BAX/Bcl-2/Cytochrome c/Caspase 3 pathways, respectively. Similarly, inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α were significantly downregulated in KLK12 knockdown macrophages but the difference in IL-10 and IFN-β expression was non-significant. Taken together, these findings suggest that upregulation of KLK12 in M. bovis infected murine macrophages plays a substantial role in the protective immune response regulation by modulating autophagy, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first report on expression and the role of KLK12 in the M. bovis infection and the data may contribute to a new paradigm for diagnosis and treatment of bovine TB.

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Influenza virus-specific CD4+ T helper type 2 T lymphocytes do not promote recovery from experimental virus infection.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.180.4.1273 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 180 (4) ◽

pp. 1273-1282 ◽

Cited By ~ 196

Author(s):

M B Graham ◽

V L Braciale ◽

T J Braciale

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Primary Role ◽

T Helper ◽

Helper Type

T lymphocytes play a primary role in recovery from viral infections and in antiviral immunity. Although viral-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells have been shown to be able to lyse virally infected targets in vitro and promote recovery from lethal infection in vivo, the role of CD4+ T lymphocytes and their mechanism(s) of action in viral immunity are not well understood. The ability to further dissect the role that CD4+ T cells play in the immune response to a number of pathogens has been greatly enhanced by evidence for more extensive heterogeneity among the CD4+ T lymphocytes. To further examine the role of CD4+ T cells in the immune response to influenza infection, we have generated influenza virus-specific CD4+ T cell clones from influenza-primed BALB/c mice with differential cytokine secretion profiles that are defined as T helper type 1 (Th1) clones by the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), or as Th2 clones by the production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. Our studies have revealed that Th1 clones are cytolytic in vitro and protective against lethal challenge with virus in vivo, whereas Th2 clones are noncytolytic and not protective. Upon further evaluation of these clonal populations we have shown that not only are the Th2 clones nonprotective, but that pulmonary pathology is exacerbated as compared with control mice as evidenced by delayed viral clearance and massive pulmonary eosinophilia. These data suggest that virus-specific CD4+ T cells of the Th2 subset may not play a primary role in virus clearance and recovery and may lead to immune mediated potentiation of injury.

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Unravelling some mysteries of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections: new insights from modelling studies

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200028696 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 30-30

Author(s):

A Doeschl-Wilson ◽

I Kyriazakis ◽

L Galina-Pantoja

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Host Immune Response ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Modelling Studies ◽

Porcine Respiratory ◽

Insight Into

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an endemic pig disease in most European countries, causing respiratory distress, fever and growth reductions in growing pigs and increased litter mortality in sows. The disease is characterised by exceptionally long-term viral persistence within the host, a weak innate host immune response and delayed adaptive host immune response, and large between animal variation in the immune response (Murtaugh et al., 2004). Although numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies produced valid insight into the fine details of the virus dynamics and its interaction with the host’s immune response, several fundamental questions concerning the role of diverse immune components and host genetics remain unanswered. In this study mathematical models were developed to investigate the role of diverse processes caused by the virus or the immune response on the infection characteristics.

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Programming the anti-tumor immune response in vitro and its application to stop the growth of tumor cells and prolonging the lifespan of mice with carcinoma in vivo

ZHurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia» ◽

10.25557/igpp.2017.4.8525 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 67-73

Author(s):

С.В. Калиш ◽

С.В. Лямина ◽

А.А. Раецкая ◽

О.П. Буданова ◽

И.Ю. Малышев

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Tumor Growth ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

The Body ◽

Ehrlich Carcinoma ◽

Ec Cells ◽

Growth Of Tumor ◽

Immune Response In Vitro

Цель - представить доказательства правомерности гипотезы, что комбинированный пул репрограммированных in vitro макрофагов и лимфоцитов будет эффективно ограничивать пролиферацию опухолевых клеток in vitro , а при введении в организм будет существенно ограничивать развитие опухоли in vivo . Методика. Размножение опухолевых клеток инициировали in vitro путем добавления клеток карциномы Эрлиха (КЭ) в среду культивирования RPMI-1640. Развитие асцитной опухоли in vivo воспроизводили путем внутрибрюшной инъекции клеток КЭ мышам. Результаты. Установлено, что M3 макрофаги вместе с антиген-репрограммированными лимфоцитами оказывают выраженный противоопухолевый эффект и in vitro, и in vivo , который был существеннее противоопухолевого эффекта цисплатина. Заключение. Факты, свидетельствующие, что М3 макрофаги в сочетании с in vitro антиген-репрограммированными лимфоцитами значительно подавляют рост опухоли in vivo , делают перспективным разработку клинической версии биотехнологии ограничения роста опухоли путем предварительного программирования противоопухолевого иммунного ответа «в пробирке». Aim. To test a hypothesis that a combined pool of in vitro reprogrammed macrophages and lymphocytes will effectively limit growth of tumor cells in vitro , and injections of these cells into the body will considerably limit development of a tumor in vivo . Methods. Tumor growth was initiated in vitro by addition of Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) cells to the RPMI-1640 cell culture medium and in vivo by intraperitoneal injection of EC cells into mice. Results. M3 macrophages in combination with antigen-reprogrammed lymphocytes exerted a pronounced antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo, which was superior to the effect of cisplatin. Conclusion. M3 macrophages in combination with in vitro antigen-reprogrammed lymphocytes significantly inhibited the tumor growth in vivo . This fact justifies development of a clinical version of the tumor growth restricting biotechnology using pre-programming of the antitumor immune response in vitro .

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Immunomodulatory Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Fact or Fiction?

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/383685 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Angelo A. Leto Barone ◽

Saami Khalifian ◽

W. P. Andrew Lee ◽

Gerald Brandacher

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Immune Response ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Immune System ◽

Solid Organ ◽

Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Derived Stromal Cells

Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are often referred to as adipose-derived stem cells due to their potential to undergo multilineage differentiation. Their promising role in tissue engineering and ability to modulate the immune system are the focus of extensive research. A number of clinical trials using ASCs are currently underway to better understand the role of such cell niche in enhancing or suppressing the immune response. If governable, such immunoregulatory role would find application in several conditions in which an immune response is present (i.e., autoimmune conditions) or feared (i.e., solid organ or reconstructive transplantation). Although allogeneic ASCs have been shown to prevent acute GvHD in both preclinical and clinical studies, their potential warrants further investigation. Well-designed and standardized clinical trials are necessary to prove the role of ASCs in the treatment of immune disorders or prevention of tissue rejection. In this paper we analyze the current literature on the role of ASCs in immunomodulationin vitroandin vivoand discuss their potential in regulating the immune system in the context of transplantation.

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