scholarly journals The effect of water height on stride frequency, stride length and heart rate during water treadmill exercise

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 662-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. SCOTT ◽  
K. NANKERVIS ◽  
C. STRINGER ◽  
K. WESTCOTT ◽  
D. MARLIN
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Water Treadmill ◽  
Water Height

scholarly journals Water treadmill exercise reduces equine limb segmental accelerations and increases shock attenuation

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Persephone Greco-Otto ◽  
Michael Baggaley ◽  
W. B. Edwards ◽  
Renaud Léguillette
Keyword(s):  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Peak Acceleration ◽  
Shock Attenuation ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Limb Injuries ◽  
Impact Attenuation ◽  
Water Height

Abstract Background Equine water treadmills (WTs) are growing in popularity because they are believed to allow for high resistance, low impact exercise. However, little is known about the effect of water height on limb loading. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water height and speed on segmental acceleration and impact attenuation during WT exercise in horses. Three uniaxial accelerometers (sampling rate: 2500 Hz) were secured on the left forelimb (hoof, mid-cannon, mid-radius). Horses walked at two speeds (S1: 0.83 m/s, S2: 1.39 m/s) and three water heights (mid-cannon, carpus, stifle), with a dry WT control. Peak acceleration of each segment was averaged over five strides, attenuation was calculated, and stride frequency was estimated by the time between successive hoof contacts. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the effects of water height, speed, and accelerometer location on peak acceleration, attenuation and stride frequency (p < 0.05). Results Peak acceleration at all locations was lower with water of any height compared to the dry control (p < 0.0001). Acceleration was reduced with water at the height of the stifle compared to mid-cannon water height (p = 0.02). Water at the height of the stifle attenuated more impact than water at the height of the cannon (p = 0.0001). Conclusions Water immersion during treadmill exercise reduced segmental accelerations and increased attenuation in horses. WT exercise may be beneficial in the rehabilitation of lower limb injuries in horses.

Energy metabolism and heart rate during treadmill exercise in the Marabou stork

1980 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Bamford ◽  
G. M. Maloiy
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Horizontal Movement ◽  
Slope Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Marabou Stork

Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate, body temperature, and stride frequency were measured in Marabou storks walking on a treadmill at a range of speeds and gradients. VO2 was linearly related to speed at gradients up to 11 degrees and speeds up to 1.4 m . s-1, and the slope of the VO2/speed regression increased with the treadmill angle up to 9 degrees. At 11 degrees there was a fall in the slope. Analysis indicates the cost of horizontal movement of about 1.1 ml O2 . m-1 (mean wt 4.5 kg). The cost of vertical movement is 7.13 ml O2 . m-1 and the efficiency about 30%. Maximum recorded VO2 was about five times resting, and there was no indication of an oxygen debt at any value for VO2. Heart rate was directly proportional to vO2 over the range studied, and at high heart rates successive cardiac cycles overlapped. Body temperature did not change significantly during exercise. Stride frequency was linearly related to walking speed but with a nonzero intercept so that stride length changed with speed, but there was no observed change in gait with speed. These data are discussed in comparison with published scaling equations and with data from mammals.

scholarly journals Capacitive resistive electric transfer modifies gait pattern in horses exercised on a treadmill

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireya Becero ◽  
Aritz Saitua ◽  
David Argüelles ◽  
Antonia Lucía Sánchez de Medina ◽  
Cristina Castejón-Riber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Sham Procedure ◽  
Hemoglobin Saturation ◽  
Pectoral Region ◽  
Deep Temperature

Abstract Background Capacitive resistive electric transfer (CRET), a radiofrequency at 448 kHz, resulted in increased superficial and deep temperature and hemoglobin saturation, faster elimination of metabolic and inflammatory products and enhanced sport performance in humans. This research aims to investigate whether the application of CRET affects the locomotor pattern in horses and to assess whether an accumulative effect appears when two CRET sessions are applied two consecutive days. Methods Nine horses were subjected to two CRET sessions applied in both right and left sides of neck, shoulder, back and croup. The horses were exercised on a treadmill, at walk and at trot, before CRET application and at 2, 6 and 12 h after. A second CRET session was applied next day, and the animals were evaluated again at the same times (i.e. at 26, 30 and 36 h after the first session). Between 5 and 7 days later, the same horses were subjected to a sham procedure and they were evaluated in the same times as in the CRET experiment. During treadmill exercise, locomotor parameters were measured with a triaxial accelerometer fixed in the pectoral region and in the sacrum midline. Results The sham procedure did not affect any of the accelerometric variables studied. CRET applications resulted in greater total powers, which resulted in absolute increased dorsoventral, mediolateral and longitudinal powers. However, a reduction in dorsoventral power expressed as a percentage of total power was found. Stride regularity increased. The greater total power resulted in longer stride length and because the velocity was kept fixed on the treadmill, stride frequency decreased. An accumulative effect of CRET application was only found in stride length and frequency. Conclusions It appears that CRET is a useful technique to enhance power and to elongate the stride at defined walk and trot velocities. The effect of these changes on performance should be studied for horses competing in different sport disciplines.

Effect of water depth on limb kinematics of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) during underwater treadmill exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Barnicoat ◽  
A.P. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Lateral Malleolus ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Duty Factor ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Lateral Epicondyle ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stride Parameters

Canine hydrotherapy is an increasingly popular modality for the rehabilitation of dogs; however, little evidence exists to support the use of current hydrotherapy protocols. Before data can be meaningfully collected from pathological animals, biomechanical data for healthy animals is required. Kinematic analysis was utilised to observe the effect of increasing water depth on the stride parameters (including duty factor) of dogs exercising on a canine hydrotherapy treadmill. During two sessions, eight clinically sound adult dogs walked on the underwater treadmill at four different water depths (dry, mid-tarsal, between the lateral malleolus and the lateral epicondyle, and between the lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter). Reflective kinematic markers were placed onto anatomical limb landmarks and a video camera was used to record foot contacts at 60 Hz. Data were digitised using video analysis software and stride length, stride frequency and duty factor were subsequently calculated. Data were analysed using the Friedman Test and Wilcoxon post hoc pairwise tests to identify differences between conditions. There was a significant effect of water depth on duty factor (P<0.0005). Hind limb duty factor differed significantly from fore limb duty factor (P<0.0005), except at the depth between the lateral malleolus and the lateral epicondyle where no significant difference was observed. There was a significant effect of water depth on both stride frequency (P<0.0005) and stride length (P<0.0005). In summary, water depth has a significant impact on the stride parameters of dogs exercising on the canine hydrotherapy treadmill and as such is an important consideration when designing underwater treadmill based rehabilitation programs.

The Reliability and Variability of Running Economy in 7-, 8-, and 9-Year-Old Children

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danette M. Rogers ◽  
Kenneth R. Turley ◽  
Kathleen I. Kujawa ◽  
Kevin M. Harper ◽  
Jack H. Wilmore
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Intraindividual Variability ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Reliability Estimates

This study was designed to examine the reliability and variability of running economy in 7-, 8-, and 9-year-old boys and girls. Forty-two children (21 boys and 21 girls) participated in two submaximal treadmill tests to determine running economy at two absolute work rates (5 mph and 6 mph). Reliability and variability were determined for oxygen consumption (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), stride frequency, and stride length. With the exception of RER and V̇O2 relative to body surface area, reliability estimates were moderate to high (.80 to .94). Mean variability of all responses were similar to those reported for adults, however, the range of intraindividual variability was slightly greater. These results indicate that two submaximal measurements result in higher reliability estimates than a single test and may therefore provide a more appropriate description of a child’s running economy.

Habituation of Children to Treadmill Walking and Running: Metabolic and Kinematic Criteria

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Frost ◽  
Oded Bar-Or ◽  
James Dowling ◽  
Catherine White
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
Stride Rate ◽  
The Stability

This study examined habituation to treadmill walking or running in children. Twenty-four boys and girls, ages 7–11, completed six 6-min trials of treadmill exercise at one of these speeds: (a) comfortable walking pace (CWP), (b) CWP + 15%, (c) running at CWP + 3 km·hr−1, or (d) running as above + 15%. The six trials were repeated in a second visit. The a priori criterion for habituation was a decrease in steady state values of oxygen uptake (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and stride rate (SR) or an increase in stride length (SL) and hip joint vertical amplitude (HA) from one trial to the next. There was no consistent pattern indicating habituation for the group. Many trials and more than one day of testing do not appear to improve the stability of the metabolic or kinematic variables. The lack of consistency in individual responses suggests that monitoring subjects’ habituation individually is important.

scholarly journals Consensus for the General Use of Equine Water Treadmills for Healthy Horses

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Kathryn Nankervis ◽  
Carolyne Tranquille ◽  
Persephone McCrae ◽  
Jessica York ◽  
Morgan Lashley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Belt Speed ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Water Treadmill ◽  
Selection Of

Water treadmill exercise has become popular in recent years for the training and rehabilitation of equine athletes. In 2019, an equine hydrotherapy working group was formed to establish what was commonly considered to be best practice in the use of the modality. This article describes the process by which general guidelines for the application of water treadmill exercise in training and rehabilitation programmes were produced by the working group. The guidelines describe the consensus reached to date on (1) the potential benefits of water treadmill exercise, (2) general good practice in water treadmill exercise, (3) introduction of horses to the exercise, (4) factors influencing selection of belt speed, water depth and duration of exercise, and (5) monitoring movement on the water treadmill. The long-term goal is to reach a consensus on the optimal use of the modality within a training or rehabilitation programme. Collaboration between clinicians, researchers and experienced users is needed to develop research programmes and further guidelines regarding the most appropriate application of the modality for specific veterinary conditions.

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