Clinical manifestations of pancreas disease outbreaks in Norwegian marine salmon farming - variations due to salmonid alphavirus subtype

Abstract Background From the start of the twenty-first century up to the year 2021, RNA viruses are the main causative agents of the majority of the disease outbreaks the world has confronted. Recently published reviews on SARS-CoV-2 have mainly focused on its structure, development of the outbreak, relevant precautions, management trials and available therapies. However, in this review, we aim to explore the history, evolution of all coronaviruses and the associated viral outbreaks along with the diagnostics for COVID-19 in the twenty-first century. Main body We have focused on different RNA viruses’ viz. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, their classification, and the various disease outbreaks caused by them. In the subsequent section, the comparison of different RNA viruses affecting humans has been made based on the viral genome, structure, time of the outbreak, mode of spread, virulence, causative agents, and transmission. Due to the current mayhem caused by the rapidly emerging virus, special attention is given to SARS-CoV-2, its genome updates, and infectivity. Finally, the current diagnostic techniques such as nucleic acid testing (real time-polymerase chain reaction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification), CRISPR-based diagnostics (CRISPR based DETECTR assay, CRISPR based SHERLOCK test, AIOD-CRISPR, FELUDA, CREST), chest radiographs (computed tomography, X-ray), and serological tests (Lateral flow assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescent immunoassay, neutralization assay, nano-sensors, blood test, viral sequencing) with their pros and cons, and future diagnostic prospective have been described. Conclusions The present gloomy scenario mandates clinical manifestations, contact tracing, and laboratory tests as important parameters that need to be taken into consideration to make the final diagnosis.

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Rodent-borne infectious disease outbreaks after flooding disasters: Epidemiology, management, and prevention

Journal of Emergency Management ◽

10.5055/jem.2015.0255 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 459 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James H. Diaz, MD, DrPH

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Heavy Rainfall ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

The United States ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Effective Control ◽

Infectious Disease Outbreaks

Objective: To alert clinicians to the climatic conditions that can precipitate outbreaks of the rodent-borne infectious diseases most often associated with flooding disasters, leptospirosis (LS), and the Hantavirus-caused diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS); to describe the epidemiology and presenting clinical manifestations and outcomes of these rodent-borne infectious diseases; and to recommend both prophylactic therapies and effective control and prevention strategies for rodent-borne infectious diseases.Design: Internet search engines, including Google®, Google Scholar®, Pub Med, Medline, and Ovid, were queried with the key words as search terms to examine the latest scientific articles on rodent-borne infectious disease outbreaks in the United States and worldwide to describe the epidemiology and presenting clinical manifestations and outcomes of LS and Hantavirus outbreaks.Setting: Not applicable.Participants: Not applicable.Interventions: Not applicable.Main outcome measure: Rodent-borne infectious disease outbreaks following heavy rainfall and flooding disasters.Results: Heavy rainfall encourages excessive wild grass seed production that supports increased outdoor rodent population densities; and flooding forces rodents from their burrows near water sources into the built environment and closer to humans. Conclusions: Healthcare providers should maintain high levels of suspicion for LS in patients developing febrile illnesses after contaminated freshwater exposures following heavy rainfall, flooding, and evenfreshwater recreational events; and for Hantavirus-caused infectious diseases in patients with hemorrhagic fevers that progress rapidly to respiratory or renal failure following rodent exposures.

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THE ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS (EMCV) AND ITS ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL (A LITERATURE REVIEW). PART II. PATHOGENESIS. THE CIRCLE OF SUSCEPTIBLE ORGANISMS

Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin ◽

10.25207/1608-6228-2019-26-3-117-128 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 117-128

Author(s):

Akop A. Kalajdzhjan ◽

Azamat Kh. Kade ◽

Pavel P. Polyakov ◽

Alla I. Gudmanova

Keyword(s):

Infected Animal ◽

Direct Action ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

The Body ◽

Encephalomyocarditis Virus ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

Infectious Dose ◽

Almost Everywhere

According to literature data, both the direct action of (B2 *, L, 2A) viral proteins and the inﬂammatory response of the body are distinguished among the Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) virulence factors. Depending on the EMCV strain and the type of the infected animal, the severity and nature of the disease is shown to be characterized by specific clinical manifestations. Differences in the pathogenetic mechanisms of tissue lesions depending on the magnitude of the virus infectious dose are established, e.g., in the development of EMCV-induced diabetes. The EMCV action was studied in vivo on such experimental animals as pigs, rodents and monkeys. The range of affected animals is extremely wide, with the infection being common almost everywhere. Thus, numerous works describe a fairly high immunological stratum among people, as well as disease outbreaks among the population. It is concluded that EMCV is dangerous not only for zoos and primatological centres, but also has a clear zoonotic potential.

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Morphologic alteration in the muscles of patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis or myopathy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100158650 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 222-223

Author(s):

T. Shimizu ◽

Y. Muranaka ◽

I. Ohta ◽

N. Honda

Keyword(s):

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Quadriceps Muscle ◽

Honeycomb Structure ◽

Periodic Paralysis ◽

Ultrastructural Changes ◽

Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Tubular Aggregates ◽

Hypokalemic Myopathy ◽

Transmission Electron

There have been many reports on ultrastructural alterations in muscles of hypokalemic periodic paralysis (hpp) and hypokalemic myopathy(hm). It is stressed in those reports that tubular structures such as tubular aggregates are usually to be found in hpp as a characteristic feature, but not in hm. We analyzed the histological differences between hpp and hm, comparing their clinical manifestations and morphologic changes in muscles. Materials analyzed were biopsied muscles from 18 patients which showed muscular symptoms due to hypokalemia. The muscle specimens were obtained by means of biopsy from quadriceps muscle and fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4) and analyzed by ordinary method and modified Golgimethod. The ultrathin section were examined in JEOL 200CX transmission electron microscopy.Electron microscopic examinations disclosed dilated t-system and terminal cistern of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)(Fig 1), and an unique structure like “sixad” was occasionally observed in some specimens (Fig 2). Tubular aggregates (Fig 3) and honeycomb structure (Fig 4) were also common characteristic structures in all cases. These ultrastructural changes were common in both the hypokalemic periodic paralysis and the hypokalemic myopathy, regardless of the time of biopsy or the duration of hypokalemia suffered.

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