Clarification of Bitter Orange (Citrus Aurantium) Juice Using Microfiltration with Mixed Cellulose Esters Membrane

This study evaluated the risk of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) exposure from antibacterial sprays containing AgNPs. Using an exposure simulation chamber as the setting for the experiment, various instruments, including a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), condensation particle counter (CPC), dust monitor, and mixed cellulose esters (MCE) filters, are connected to the chamber to measure the exposure levels of AgNPs when using the sprays. To assess potential risks to consumers, margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used to assess risk in which a calculated MOE was compared with a target MOE. When evaluating the risk of antibacterial sprays to inhalation exposure using the MOE, spraying a whole can and spraying an air conditioner both resulted in a high-risk concern level with a MOE ranging from 59 to 146 that was much lower than the no-risk concern level of 1000, while some spray showed a MOE 2049 with no-risk concern level. The dermal exposure levels with a single layer of clothing were estimated at 2–50 μg/kg/day with a MOE ranging from 20,000 to 500,000. Therefore, the current results showed the possibility of high-risk inhalation exposure to AgNPs released when using antibacterial sprays.

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Analytical Method for Biomonitoring of PAH Using Leaves of Bitter Orange Trees (Citrus aurantium): a Case Study in South Spain

Water Air & Soil Pollution ◽

10.1007/s11270-016-3056-z ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 227 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. Fasani ◽

P. Fermo ◽

P. J. Barroso ◽

J. Martín ◽

J. L. Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Analytical Method ◽

Citrus Aurantium ◽

Bitter Orange ◽

Orange Trees

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Exactly which synephrine alkaloids does Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) contain?

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/sj.ijo.0802879 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 443-446 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

D B Allison ◽

G Cutter ◽

E T Poehlman ◽

D R Moore ◽

S Barnes

Keyword(s):

Citrus Aurantium ◽

Bitter Orange

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Thermodynamic properties of solutions of water-soluble mixed cellulose esters

Chemistry of Natural Compounds ◽

10.1007/bf02273930 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 76-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. V. Myagkova ◽

G. R. Rakhmonberdiev ◽

Z. G. Sagdieva ◽

A. S. Sidikov

Keyword(s):

Thermodynamic Properties ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Cellulose Esters ◽

Mixed Cellulose Esters

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A 60day double-blind, placebo-controlled safety study involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract

Food and Chemical Toxicology ◽

10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 55 ◽

pp. 358-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Gilbert R. Kaats ◽

Howard Miller ◽

Harry G. Preuss ◽

Sidney J. Stohs

Keyword(s):

Citrus Aurantium ◽

Safety Study ◽

Double Blind ◽

Bitter Orange ◽

Double Blind Placebo

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A Review of the Receptor-Binding Properties ofp-Synephrine as Related to Its Pharmacological Effects

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2011/482973 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Sidney J. Stohs ◽

Harry G. Preuss ◽

Mohd Shara

Keyword(s):

Receptor Binding ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Citrus Aurantium ◽

Pharmacological Effects ◽

Sports Performance ◽

Wide Spread ◽

Binding Properties ◽

Bitter Orange ◽

Binding Characteristics ◽

Amine Neurotransmitters

Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloidp-synephrine are used widely in weight loss/weight management and sports performance products. Because of structural similarities, the pharmacological effects ofp-synephrine are widely assumed to be similar to those of ephedrine,m-synephrine (phenylephrine), and endogenous amine neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and epinephrine. However, small structural changes result in the receptor binding characteristics of these amines that are markedly different, providing a plausible explanation for the paucity of adverse effects associated with the wide-spread consumption ofp-synephrine in the form of dietary supplements as well as in variousCitrusfoods and juices. This paper summarizes the adrenoreceptor binding characteristics ofp-synephrine relative tom-synephrine, norepinephrine, and other amines as related to the observed pharmacological effects.

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