Perceived Parenting Styles and Values Development: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents and Emerging Adults

Research suggests that child perception of parenting styles may strongly influence child outcomes and parents must balance support and structure based on their emerging adult children’s changing needs. The current study examined emerging adult perceptions of parenting style in comparison with their preferences and how these characteristics interact to predict psychological problems. Significant interactions between preferred and perceived parenting style were found, several of which were further moderated by gender. Results suggest that emerging adults prefer parenting styles that grant autonomy, and males reported lower psychological problems when they also perceived such a parenting style, whereas females reported higher psychological problems. This may suggest that females experience more risky behaviors while at college when granted autonomy relative to males, thus accounting for their higher psychological problems. The current study emphasizes the ongoing impact of parental influences on emerging adult outcomes and that children’s preferences and perceptions influence parent–child gender dyads.

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Perceived Parenting Styles and Adjustment during Emerging Adulthood: A Cross-National Perspective

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16152757 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (15) ◽

pp. 2757

Author(s):

Águeda Parra ◽

Inmaculada Sánchez-Queija ◽

María del Carmen García-Mendoza ◽

Susana Coimbra ◽

José Egídio Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emerging Adulthood ◽

Emerging Adults ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Family Welfare ◽

Cultural Perspective ◽

Positive Role ◽

Perceived Parenting ◽

Children’S Wellbeing ◽

The Family ◽

National Perspective

The aim of the present study is to determine whether the influence of parenting style on children’s wellbeing is sustained during emerging adulthood. This is a stage in which young people, despite feeling themselves to be adults, often remain in the family home and continue to be financially dependent on their parents. Moreover, since parents’ beliefs, attitudes and behaviors are constructed and interpreted within their cultural milieu, the study also aims to explore the situation in Spain (SP) and Portugal (PT). Those two Southern Europe countries are representative of what is known as the “family welfare regime”, in which the family acts as the main provider of care and security not only during childhood, but also during emerging adulthood. Thus, the present study examines, from a cross-cultural perspective, the relationship between perceived parenting styles and psychological adjustment among a sample of 1047 emerging adults from Spain and Portugal. The results reveal that the most beneficial styles during this stage are the authoritative and permissive ones, with the authoritarian style being more closely related to psychological distress. The study highlights intercultural similarities and the positive role played by more symmetrical relationships in the adjustment of emerging adults in both countries.

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Parenting styles and alcohol use among adolescents: A longitudinal study

European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education ◽

10.3390/ejihpe6010003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 27-36

Author(s):

Víctor Martínez-Loredo ◽

Sergio Fernández-Artamendi ◽

Sara Weidberg ◽

Irene Pericot ◽

Carla López-Núñez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Perceived Parenting ◽

Substance Involvement ◽

The Relationship ◽

Alcohol Related Problems

Parenting style has been identified as one of the most important risk and protective factors for substance use in adolescents. Evidence suggests that the influence of each parenting style on adolescent’s substance use varies across countries. Research studies with Spanish population have been mostly restricted to cross-sectional designs, limiting the interpretation of directionality in the relationship between parenting styles and adolescent substance use. This longitudinal study explores the predictive validity of perceived parenting style on prospective drug use and alcohol related problems in a sample of adolescents. Participants were 346 adolescents (53.64% males) who were assessed twice in a period of two years. In the first wave participants were 12.89 years old (SD = 0.54). Logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the prospective relationship between perceived parenting style at first wave and substance involvement outcomes at the second. Adolescents that perceived their parents as neglectful had higher risk of developing an alcohol use disorder two years later [odds ratio (OR) : 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18-3.86 (p = .012)]. The findings of this study indicate that special attention should be given to those adolescents who perceived their parenting style as neglectful.

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Asian American and European American emerging adults’ perceived parenting styles and self-regulation ability.

Asian American Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1037/aap0000099 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 140-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jillian J. Shen ◽

Charissa S. L. Cheah ◽

Jing Yu

Keyword(s):

Emerging Adults ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Asian American ◽

Self Regulation ◽

European American ◽

Perceived Parenting

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Parenting styles and alcohol use among adolescents: A longitudinal study

European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education ◽

10.1989/ejihpe.v6i1.146 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 27-36

Author(s):

Víctor Martínez-Loredo ◽

Sergio Fernández-Artamendi ◽

Sara Weidberg ◽

Irene Pericot ◽

Carla López-Núñez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Perceived Parenting ◽

Substance Involvement ◽

The Relationship ◽

Alcohol Related Problems

Parenting style has been identified as one of the most important risk and protective factors for substance use in adolescents. Evidence suggests that the influence of each parenting style on adolescent’s substance use varies across countries. Research studies with Spanish population have been mostly restricted to cross-sectional designs, limiting the interpretation of directionality in the relationship between parenting styles and adolescent substance use. This longitudinal study explores the predictive validity of perceived parenting style on prospective drug use and alcohol related problems in a sample of adolescents. Participants were 346 adolescents (53.64% males) who were assessed twice in a period of two years. In the first wave participants were 12.89 years old (SD = 0.54). Logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the prospective relationship between perceived parenting style at first wave and substance involvement outcomes at the second. Adolescents that perceived their parents as neglectful had higher risk of developing an alcohol use disorder two years later [odds ratio (OR) : 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18-3.86 (p = .012)]. The findings of this study indicate that special attention should be given to those adolescents who perceived their parenting style as neglectful.

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A Longitudinal Study of Mental Health in Emerging Adults

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024/1421-0185/a000132 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 135-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monica S. Bachmann ◽

Hansjörg Znoj ◽

Katja Haemmerli

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Emerging Adults ◽

Poor Mental Health ◽

Need Satisfaction ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Consistency Model ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Cross ◽

Health Model

Emerging adulthood is a time of instability. This longitudinal study investigated the relationship between mental health and need satisfaction among emerging adults over a period of five years and focused on gender-specific differences. Two possible causal models were examined: (1) the mental health model, which predicts that incongruence is due to the presence of impaired mental health at an earlier point in time; (2) the consistency model, which predicts that impaired mental health is due to a higher level of incongruence reported at an earlier point in time. Emerging adults (N = 1,017) aged 18–24 completed computer-assisted telephone interviews in 2003 (T1), 2005 (T2), and 2008 (T3). The results indicate that better mental health at T1 predicts a lower level of incongruence two years later (T2), when prior level of incongruence is controlled for. The same cross-lagged effect is shown for T3. However, the cross-lagged paths from incongruence to mental health are marginally associated when prior mental health is controlled for. No gender differences were found in the cross-lagged model. The results support the mental health model and show that incongruence does not have a long-lasting negative effect on mental health. The results highlight the importance of identifying emerging adults with poor mental health early to provide support regarding need satisfaction.

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Retrospective Paternal and Maternal Parenting Styles in Greece, Italy, and Sweden

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000355 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 399-408

Author(s):

Semira Tagliabue ◽

Maria Giulia Olivari ◽

Elisabeth Hertfelt Wahn ◽

Katerina Maridaki-Kassotaki ◽

Katerina Antonopoulou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parenting Styles ◽

Psychometric Characteristics ◽

Perceived Parenting ◽

Parental Roles ◽

Maternal Parenting ◽

Mixed Anova ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Permissive Parenting ◽

Assessment Techniques ◽

Structural Invariance

Abstract. Discrepancies in perceived parenting and parental roles across European countries could be due to the use of different assessment techniques or due to mean level differences in the authoritative, authoritarian, or permissive parenting styles. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric characteristics of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ; Robinson, Mandleco, Olsen, & Hart, 1995 , 2001 ) in a sample of 225 Greek, 301 Italian, and 279 Swedish adolescents aged 16–19 years, who evaluated their father’s and mother’s parenting styles during their childhood. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multigroup CFA, and modified version of the correlated uniqueness model were used to evaluate the structure and invariance of the scale across countries. Measurement and structural invariance was found in the 8-item authoritative scale and 6-item authoritarian scale. A mixed ANOVA (Country × Style × Role) showed that Swedish mothers scored lower than Italian or Greek mothers, and that, in the three countries, mothers were perceived as more authoritative than were fathers.

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