Emerging Adult Perceptions of and Preferences for Parenting Styles and Associated Psychological Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 2491-2504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff McKinney ◽  
Janet W. Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Gender Dyads

Research suggests that child perception of parenting styles may strongly influence child outcomes and parents must balance support and structure based on their emerging adult children’s changing needs. The current study examined emerging adult perceptions of parenting style in comparison with their preferences and how these characteristics interact to predict psychological problems. Significant interactions between preferred and perceived parenting style were found, several of which were further moderated by gender. Results suggest that emerging adults prefer parenting styles that grant autonomy, and males reported lower psychological problems when they also perceived such a parenting style, whereas females reported higher psychological problems. This may suggest that females experience more risky behaviors while at college when granted autonomy relative to males, thus accounting for their higher psychological problems. The current study emphasizes the ongoing impact of parental influences on emerging adult outcomes and that children’s preferences and perceptions influence parent–child gender dyads.

Effects of Parenting Styles on Psychological Problems by Self Esteem and Gender Differences

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2095844
Author(s):  
Erica Szkody ◽  
Ellen H. Steele ◽  
Cliff McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Female Self ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Current research supports the lasting effects of parenting styles on children and adolescents’ self-esteem, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Few studies have examined parenting style, self-esteem, and psychological problems together while considering gender. The current study explored the indirect effect of parenting style though self-esteem on emerging adult psychological problems as moderated by gender among 381 emerging adults. The most notable finding suggested that maternal authoritative parenting was related to higher levels of female self-esteem, which in turn related to lower levels of female psychological problems. Results indicated a relationship between higher levels of self-esteem and lower psychological problems. Findings from the current study contribute to research emphasizing the long-lasting effects of parenting style on emerging adult self-esteem and mental health, particularly among females.

Emerging Adult Report of Childhood Maltreatment and Related Facets of Impulsivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199795
Author(s):  
Mary Moussa Rogers ◽  
Erica Szkody ◽  
Cliff McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Negative Urgency ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Emotional Maltreatment ◽  
Gender Dyads ◽  
Physical Maltreatment

Childhood maltreatment is related to a host of outcomes, many of which may be partially explained by the transdiagnostic factor of impulsivity. The research linking maltreatment to impulsivity is well supported. However, research differentiating between emotional and physical maltreatment and impulsivity is lacking, particularly with regard to facets of trait impulsivity. Thus, the current study examined the links between childhood emotional and physical maltreatment and current impulsivity traits of positive and negative urgency, lack of perseverance, lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking in emerging adults. Furthermore, effects of maltreatment are known to differ by the gender of the parent and the gender of the child. Thus, differences between parent-emerging adult child gender dyads were also examined. Results suggested both physical and emotional maltreatment were associated with negative urgency across the parent–child gender dyads. Emotional maltreatment and physical maltreatment differed in relation to impulsivity facet across parent and child gender. Results contribute to a knowledge base to use in future exploration of emotional and physical maltreatment outcomes and targets of intervention.

Parent and Child Depression: Moderated Mediation by Gender and Harsh Parenting in Emerging Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 594-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff McKinney ◽  
Erica Szkody
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Parental Depression ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Harsh Parenting ◽  
Environmental Predictors ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Gender Dyads ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Parental depression has been associated with psychological problems in offspring. It was hypothesized that harsh parenting would mediate this relationship and that gender differences would suggest moderated mediation. Emerging adults ( N = 490) reported on their current perceptions of parental depression, harsh parenting, and their own psychological problems. The indirect effects of parental depression on emerging adult psychological problems in the context of parent–child gender dyads were examined. All variables shared positive free correlations across gender, whereas direct and indirect effects were influenced heavily by gender. Parental depression was directly related to male and female depression, and harsh parenting was only directly and indirectly related to female depression. Further research should focus on the complexity of harsh parenting and environmental predictors on child psychological problems. Addressing parental depression may indirectly and directly improve children’s internalizing and externalizing problems.

scholarly journals The role of personality in the relationship between the perceived parenting style and the choice of coping mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-109
Author(s):  
Maria Popescu
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Social Coping ◽  
Parenting Dimensions ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the moderating role of personality in the relationship between perceived parenting type and personal coping style. One hundred and fourteen women and 30 men, aged between 16 and 71 years old, participated in the present study. The instruments used were the Parenting Style Inventory-II (PSI-II), the COPE inventory, and Big-Five IPIP-50. Results showed that social coping was the only coping style that was significantly predicted by parenting dimensions. It was found that extraversion negatively moderates the relationship between mothers’ and, respectively, fathers’ parenting styles and social coping. Emotional stability also negatively moderates the link between parenting and social coping, but only for the mother’s parenting. When analysed the separate dimensions of the parenting styles, it was found that emotional stability also negatively moderates the relationship between mother’s, respectively father’s warmth and social coping. Agreeableness was found to moderate the positive link between maternal parenting style and social coping, more specifically, maternal control. Openness to experience negatively moderated the relationship between maternal warmth and social coping. No significant relationships were found for conscientiousness. The present study can contribute to clinical practice by the insight it provides on the interaction between personality and environmental factors in the development of coping styles. This information can be used in tailoring the psychological interventions so that they can best suit each personality type.

Perceived Mother–Father Dyad Parenting Typologies Across Four Regions in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110551
Author(s):  
Melanie Stearns ◽  
Erica Szkody ◽  
Cliff McKinney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Paternal Parenting ◽  
Very High

Although much research has investigated parenting styles, few studies have examined parenting across regions of the United States. The current study used a nationwide sample to examine perceived maternal and paternal parenting in four regions of the United States: Northeast, South, Midwest, and West. Participants included 1080 emerging adults who answered questionnaires regarding their perceptions of maternal and paternal parenting styles using an online survey. In all regions, the largest profile indicated a parenting style of High Authoritative/Authoritarian and Moderate Permissive mothers and fathers. Similarly, all regions indicated profiles that were High or Very High Authoritarian mothers and fathers. All regions except the West had a profile with High Authoritative mothers and High or Very High Authoritarian fathers. The Northeast, South, and West also had unique profiles found only in those regions. Thus, results indicate similarities as well as distinct differences in parenting style across regions of the United States.

scholarly journals EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF FEMALE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN RELATION TO PERCEIVED PARENTING STYLES

2021 ◽  
pp. 504-517
Author(s):  
Jaspreet Kaur ◽  
Gurmit Singh
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Perceived Parenting

The study was conducted to examine the emotional intelligence of female undergraduate students in relation to perceived parenting styles. The sample comprised of 64 female undergraduate students studying in a randomly selected (using lottery method) private degree college of Chandigarh affiliated to Panjab University. The data was collected using the Sevenfold Emotional Intelligence Scale by Kaur (2016) and Parenting Style Scale by Gupta and Mehtani (2017). There existed prevailing democratic parenting style as perceived by female undergraduate students. Significant differences were observed as higher emotional intelligence was witnessed among humanities as compared to commerce female undergraduate students. No significant correlation existed between emotional intelligence and all the parenting styles as perceived by female undergraduate students

scholarly journals Perceptions of Parent Behavior and Self-Concealment in Emerging Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kuckertz ◽  
Hannah Carter ◽  
Michael Ichiyama
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Sequential Effects ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
College Age ◽  
Parental Relationship ◽  
Authoritative Parenting Style ◽  
Parental Relationship Quality

The tendency to conceal personal information from others that an individual perceives as negative or distressing (i.e., self-concealment). The tendency to “keep secrets” has been associated with negative health and emotional outcomes. While parent behaviors have shown to influence the development of self-concealment among children and adolescents, less is known about self-concealment among college-age adults where parental influences are less direct. This study examined perceptions of parenting style and parental relationship quality on the tendency to self-conceal in a sample of 772 college students. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were computed to analyze the sequential effects of parenting variables (relationship quality and parenting style) on self-concealment. Overall, higher levels of self-concealment in males were found. Effects of perceived parenting style on self-concealment showed differential effects by gender. Among male students, more favorable relationship quality with the father was linked to lower levels of self-concealment while a more Permissive maternal parenting style was associated with greater self-concealment. In females, both father and mother relationship quality were inversely related to self-concealment (more positive relationship quality, less self-concealment). Greater paternal Authoritative parenting style and lower maternal Authoritarian parenting style were associated with lower levels of self-concealment among female students. Findings suggest that perceived parenting behaviors may continue to influence important behavioral tendencies (in this study self-concealment) into emerging adulthood.   

scholarly journals Parenting style as a predictor of music preference

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-625
Author(s):  
Emily Warrener ◽  
Amanda E Krause ◽  
Adrian C North
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Individual Difference Variables ◽  
Musical Taste ◽  
And Gender

Although previous research has established relationships between perceived parenting styles and children’s deviant behaviours and links between these behaviours and a liking for intense and rebellious music, no research has explored the associations between perceived parenting styles and children’s liking for different music styles. Whereas previous research has considered musical taste by looking at a small number of individual difference variables in isolation from one another, the present research used a cross-sectional correlational design to investigate whether parenting styles, the Big Five personality traits, sensation seeking, age, and gender were associated with a liking for different music styles. In total, 336 Australians completed an online, self-report questionnaire. Analyses demonstrated there were relationships between five of the six parenting style variables and five of the music styles considered. This indicates that various parenting styles were associated with musical taste, and the nature of these associations extends well beyond those concerning rebellious music and neglectful parenting that have been identified by previous research.

Mother–Father Dyad Conflict Strategy Clusters: Implications for Emerging Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 319-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff McKinney ◽  
Courtney S. Walker ◽  
Janet W. Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Psychological Aggression ◽  
Parental Conflict ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Harsh Discipline ◽  
Conflict Strategies

Research has examined the different parenting styles that are present during emerging adulthood; however, less is known about potential parental conflict strategies that emerging adults may be experiencing during this developmental time period. Conflict strategies are conceptualized in the current study as parents’ efforts to regulate, correct, or enforce a consequence in response to their emerging adult child’s behavior. Previous research on discipline during childhood and adolescence has suggested the use of harsh discipline (e.g., use of physical force) leads to negative outcomes for children. Despite evidence linking harsh discipline methods to harmful outcomes in various developmental periods and suggested influence of parents in emerging adulthood, very little is known about how parents handle conflict with their emerging adult children. Thus, the present study investigated parental conflict strategies and mental health outcomes of emerging adults. Results revealed a significant parent–child gender interaction for non-violent strategies and psychological aggression. Moreover, results indicated that emerging adult children of parents who utilize similar levels of aggressive methods reported greater psychological problems. The findings from the current study underscore parents’ use of conflict strategies when interacting with their emerging adult children, and further emphasize the importance of future research in this area.

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