scholarly journals Mosquito‐bacteria interactions during larval development trigger metabolic changes with carry‐over effects on adult fitness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Émilie Giraud ◽  
Hugo Varet ◽  
Rachel Legendre ◽  
Odile Sismeiro ◽  
Fabien Aubry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Adult Fitness ◽  
Carry Over

scholarly journals Mosquito-bacteria interactions during larval development trigger metabolic changes with carry-over effects on adult fitness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Giraud ◽  
Hugo Varet ◽  
Rachel Legendre ◽  
Odile Sismeiro ◽  
Fabien Aubry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Adult Fitness ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Transcriptomic Changes

In animals with distinct life stages such as holometabolous insects, adult phenotypic variation is often shaped by the environment of immature stages, including their interactions with microbes colonizing larval habitats. Such carry-over effects were previously observed for several adult traits of the mosquito Aedes aegypti after larval exposure to different bacteria, but the mechanistic underpinnings are unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular changes triggered by gnotobiotic larval exposure to different bacteria in Ae. aegypti. We initially screened a panel of 16 bacterial isolates from natural mosquito breeding sites to determine their ability to influence adult life-history traits. We subsequently focused on four bacterial isolates (belonging to Flavobacterium, Lysobacter, Paenibacillus, and Enterobacteriaceae) with significant carry-over effects on adult survival and found that they were associated with distinct transcriptomic profiles throughout mosquito development. Moreover, we detected carry-over effects at the level of gene expression for the Flavobacterium and Paenibacillus isolates. The most prominent transcriptomic changes in gnotobiotic larvae reflected a profound remodeling of lipid metabolism, which translated into phenotypic differences in lipid storage and starvation resistance at the adult stage. Together, our findings indicate that larval exposure to environmental bacteria trigger substantial physiological changes that impact adult fitness, uncovering a mechanism underlying carry-over effects of mosquito-bacteria interactions during larval development.

scholarly journals Carry-Over Effects of Desiccation Stress on the Oxidative Status of Fasting Anuran Juveniles

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko D. Prokić ◽  
Tamara G. Petrović ◽  
Branka R. Gavrilović ◽  
Svetlana G. Despotović ◽  
Jelena P. Gavrić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Sulfhydryl Group ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Carry Over

Amphibians are sensitive to deteriorating environmental conditions, especially during transition to a terrestrial environment which is full of uncertainties. Harsh conditions, such as desiccation during earlier stages, affect different larval traits with possible carry-over effects on juvenile and adult life histories. The first consequences of the effects can be seen in juveniles in the challenges to find food and the ability to survive without it in a terrestrial habitat. Body size and the internal energy reserves acquired during the larval phase play an important role in this period. Herein, we tested how different water regimes (low water availability, desiccation and constant high-water availability) during larval development reflect on the oxidative status and ability of yellow belly toad (Bombina variegata) juveniles to endure short-term fasting. The desiccation regime significantly reduced the body size of metamorphs. The same was observed after 2 weeks of fasting, while the feeding treatment reduced differences mostly in the body mass of individuals from different water regimes. This was the result of a greater gain in mass in juveniles pre-exposed to desiccation. Pre-exposure to desiccation also modified the parameters of the antioxidant system (AOS) under feeding conditions, leading to higher values of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase, glutathione and sulfhydryl group concentrations, and lower glutathione peroxidase in comparison to juveniles reared under constant water. The increase in the AOS of juveniles can be considered as a physiological carry-over effect of desiccation, probably as the result of compensatory growth and/or earlier exposure to chronic stress. However, water levels during larval development did not exert significant effects on the oxidative status of juveniles subjected to food unavailability. Fasting juveniles, both control and desiccated, were exposed to oxidative stress, significantly higher lipid peroxide concentrations, lower superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione and sulfhydryl group values in comparison to feeding individuals. The lack of food in juvenile anurans activated the AOS response in the same manner, regardless of body size and stress pre-exposure, suggesting that the generally accepted hypothesis about the influence of metamorphic body size on the fitness of the postmetamorphic stage should be tested further.

scholarly journals Evidence for carry-over effects of predator exposure on pathogen transmission potential

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1821) ◽  
pp. 20152430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Roux ◽  
Amélie Vantaux ◽  
Benjamin Roche ◽  
Koudraogo B. Yameogo ◽  
Kounbobr R. Dabiré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Carry Over

Accumulating evidence indicates that species interactions such as competition and predation can indirectly alter interactions with other community members, including parasites. For example, presence of predators can induce behavioural defences in the prey, resulting in a change in susceptibility to parasites. Such predator-induced phenotypic changes may be especially pervasive in prey with discrete larval and adult stages, for which exposure to predators during larval development can have strong carry-over effects on adult phenotypes. To the best of our knowledge, no study to date has examined possible carry-over effects of predator exposure on pathogen transmission. We addressed this question using a natural food web consisting of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum , the mosquito vector Anopheles coluzzii and a backswimmer, an aquatic predator of mosquito larvae. Although predator exposure did not significantly alter mosquito susceptibility to P. falciparum , it incurred strong fitness costs on other key mosquito life-history traits, including larval development, adult size, fecundity and longevity. Using an epidemiological model, we show that larval predator exposure should overall significantly decrease malaria transmission. These results highlight the importance of taking into account the effect of environmental stressors on disease ecology and epidemiology.

Author response for "Amphibian thalamic nuclear organization during larval development and in the adult frog Xenopus laevis : genoarchitecture and hodological analysis"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Morona ◽  
Sandra Bandín ◽  
Jesús M. López ◽  
Nerea Moreno ◽  
Agustín González
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Nuclear Organization ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Adult Frog

A Cytochemical Study of Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G-6-PASE) in Cells Participating in Atherogenesis of Rabbit Aorta

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
Sidney D. Kobernick ◽  
Edna A. Elfont ◽  
Neddra L. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Aortic Wall ◽  
Rabbit Aorta ◽  
Plaque Formation ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Cellular Alteration ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits

This cytochemical study was designed to investigate early metabolic changes in the aortic wall that might lead to or accompany development of atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits. The hypothesis that the primary cellular alteration leading to plaque formation might be due to changes in either carbohydrate or lipid metabolism led to histochemical studies that showed elevation of G-6-Pase in atherosclerotic plaques of rabbit aorta. This observation initiated the present investigation to determine how early in plaque formation and in which cells this change could be observed.Male New Zealand white rabbits of approximately 2000 kg consumed normal diets or diets containing 0.25 or 1.0 gm of cholesterol per day for 10, 50 and 90 days. Aortas were injected jin situ with glutaraldehyde fixative and dissected out. The plaques were identified, isolated, minced and fixed for not more than 10 minutes. Incubation and postfixation proceeded as described by Leskes and co-workers.

Minimizing Carry-Over Effects After Treatment Failure and Maximizing Therapeutic Outcome

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareile Hofmann ◽  
Nathalie Wrobel ◽  
Simon Kessner ◽  
Ulrike Bingel
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Analgesic Treatment ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Carry Over

According to experimental and clinical evidence, the experiences of previous treatments are carried over to different therapeutic approaches and impair the outcome of subsequent treatments. In this behavioral pilot study we used a change in administration route to investigate whether the effect of prior treatment experience on a subsequent treatment depends on the similarity of both treatments. We experimentally induced positive or negative experiences with a topical analgesic treatment in two groups of healthy human subjects. Subsequently, we compared responses to a second, unrelated and systemic analgesic treatment between both the positive and negative group. We found that there was no difference in the analgesic response to the second treatment between the two groups. Our data indicate that a change in administration route might reduce the influence of treatment history and therefore be a way to reduce negative carry-over effects after treatment failure. Future studies will have to validate these findings in a fully balanced design including larger, clinical samples.

Does CBT for Psychosis Have an Impact on Delusions by Improving Reasoning Biases and Negative Self-Schemas?

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Mehl ◽  
Björn Schlier ◽  
Tania M. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Intervention Effect ◽  
Produce Change ◽  
Attribution Biases ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Reasoning Biases

Abstract. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp) builds on theoretical models that postulate reasoning biases and negative self-schemas to be involved in the formation and maintenance of delusions. However, it is unclear whether CBTp induces change in delusions by improving these proposed causal mechanisms. This study reports on a mediation analysis of a CBTp effectiveness trial in which delusions were a secondary outcome. Patients with psychosis were randomized to individualized CBTp (n = 36) or a waiting list condition (WL; n = 34). Reasoning biases (jumping to conclusions, theory of mind, attribution biases) and self-schemas (implicit and explicit self-esteem; self-schemas related to different domains) were assessed pre- and post-therapy/WL. The results reveal an intervention effect on two of four measures of delusions and on implicit self-esteem. Nevertheless, the intervention effect on delusions was not mediated by implicit self-esteem. Changes in explicit self-schemas and reasoning biases did also not mediate the intervention effects on delusions. More focused interventions may be required to produce change in reasoning and self-schemas that have the potential to carry over to delusions.

Metabolic Changes During Behavioral Thermoregulation

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Barofsky
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation
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