scholarly journals Mosquito-bacteria interactions during larval development trigger metabolic changes with carry-over effects on adult fitness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Giraud ◽  
Hugo Varet ◽  
Rachel Legendre ◽  
Odile Sismeiro ◽  
Fabien Aubry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Adult Fitness ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Transcriptomic Changes

In animals with distinct life stages such as holometabolous insects, adult phenotypic variation is often shaped by the environment of immature stages, including their interactions with microbes colonizing larval habitats. Such carry-over effects were previously observed for several adult traits of the mosquito Aedes aegypti after larval exposure to different bacteria, but the mechanistic underpinnings are unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular changes triggered by gnotobiotic larval exposure to different bacteria in Ae. aegypti. We initially screened a panel of 16 bacterial isolates from natural mosquito breeding sites to determine their ability to influence adult life-history traits. We subsequently focused on four bacterial isolates (belonging to Flavobacterium, Lysobacter, Paenibacillus, and Enterobacteriaceae) with significant carry-over effects on adult survival and found that they were associated with distinct transcriptomic profiles throughout mosquito development. Moreover, we detected carry-over effects at the level of gene expression for the Flavobacterium and Paenibacillus isolates. The most prominent transcriptomic changes in gnotobiotic larvae reflected a profound remodeling of lipid metabolism, which translated into phenotypic differences in lipid storage and starvation resistance at the adult stage. Together, our findings indicate that larval exposure to environmental bacteria trigger substantial physiological changes that impact adult fitness, uncovering a mechanism underlying carry-over effects of mosquito-bacteria interactions during larval development.

scholarly journals Mosquito‐bacteria interactions during larval development trigger metabolic changes with carry‐over effects on adult fitness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Émilie Giraud ◽  
Hugo Varet ◽  
Rachel Legendre ◽  
Odile Sismeiro ◽  
Fabien Aubry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Adult Fitness ◽  
Carry Over

Effect of Pyriproxyfen in the Blood Diet of Cat Fleas on Adult Survival, Egg Viability, and Larval Development

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Meola ◽  
Kristin Meier ◽  
Susan Dean ◽  
Govindan Bhaskaran
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Cat Fleas

scholarly journals Temporal and spatial variation in age-specific survival rates of a long-lived mammal, the Hawaiian monk seal

2006 ◽  
Vol 274 (1608) ◽  
pp. 407-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D Baker ◽  
Paul M Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variation ◽  
Monachus Schauinslandi ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Monk Seals

Estimates of variability in pinniped survival rates are generally based on observations at single sites, so it is not certain whether observed rates represent the whole population. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of spatio-temporal variation in age-specific survival rates for endangered Hawaiian monk seals ( Monachus schauinslandi ) based on capture–recapture analyses of more than 85% of the pups weaned in this population over the last two decades. Uniquely, these data have been collected from six subpopulations, encompassing all major breeding sites across its 1800 km long core range. Analyses of individual subpopulations revealed similar patterns in age-specific survival, characterized by the relatively low survival rates from weaning to 2 years of age, intermediate rates to 4 years of age, and then by relatively high ‘mature’ survival rates until 17 years of age, after which a senescent decline was observed. Juvenile, subadult and adult survival rates all varied significantly over time. Trends in survival among subpopulations were coherent with their relative geographical positions, suggesting regional structuring and connectedness within the archipelago. Survival rates for different age classes tended to be positively correlated, suggesting that similar factors may influence the survival for seals of all ages.

scholarly journals Reproductive success is influenced by early development: the covariation of natal body size and reproductive performance in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janelle Badger ◽  
W. Don Bowen ◽  
Nell den Heyer ◽  
Greg A. Breed
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Adult Performance ◽  
Carry Over

An individual's size when young may be an important source individual variation in lifetime reproductive performance, as size effects on ontogenetic development can have cascading physiological and behavioral consequences throughout life. Here, we explored how natal size influences subsequent reproductive performance in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) using mark-recapture and repeated measures reproductive data on a marked sample of 363 females that were measured at roughly 4 weeks of age and recruited to the Sable Island breeding colony. Two reproductive traits were considered: provisioning performance (mass of weaned offspring), modeled using linear mixed effects models; and reproductive frequency (the rate at which a female returns to breed), modeled using mixed-effects multistate mark-recapture models. After accounting for female age, experience, and offspring sex, we found a positive association between natal length and our measures of reproductive performance. Mothers with the longest natal lengths produced pups nearly 8 kg heavier and were 20% more likely to breed in a given year than mothers with the shortest natal lengths. Because correlation in individual body length between natal and adult life stages is weak, this covariation between natal length and future reproductive performance reported here is more likely to be a carry-over effect from advantages granted to growth and self-maintenance as a juvenile that allow for greater adult performance, rather than a physical trait that is maintained throughout life.

scholarly journals Larval Ecology of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Kudat, Sabah

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfredo Escalante Aure ◽  
Nelia Palaria Salazar ◽  
Tock Hing Chua
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Tree Plantation ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Average Maximum

The emergence of human Plasmodium knowlesi malaria appeared to have been precipitated by the displacement of the natural environment of macaques and Anopheles mosquitoes resulting from deforestation and land-use changes in Malaysia. A longitudinal survey of larval habitats was conducted from May 2015 to April 2016 in the District of Kudat, Sabah to better understand how these changes have affected mosquitoes across six land use categories. Larvae were collected by dipping and reared in the laboratory for the identification of adults. Five anopheline and three culicine species were present: Anopheles balabacensis, An. barbirostris, An. lesteri, An. borneensis, An. umbrosus, Aedes albopictus, Culex gelidus, and Toxorhynchites sp. An. balabacensis was found in all six land-use types. Biodiversity by genera was high in all land-use types. The relative importance of land use types and larval habitats as sources of potential vectors was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis H test by ranks. In decreasing order Anopheles larvae were found in rubber tree plantation > coconut plantation > clearing site > palm oil plantation > forest > settlement area. Important larval habitats were intermittent stream > ditch > pond > artificial container > puddle > river > slow-flowing stream. Eighteen breeding sites of An. balabacensis were within (500 m) the average maximum flight range of the species and houses at risk for malaria. Knowledge gained from the study can be used to assess the need for vector control in preventing the spread of P. knowlesi in vulnerable areas.  

scholarly journals Using Bayesian state-space models to understand the population dynamics of the dominant malaria vector, Anopheles funestus in rural Tanzania

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halfan Ngowo ◽  
Fredros Oketch Okumu ◽  
Emmanuel Elirehema Hape ◽  
Issa H Mshani ◽  
Heather M Ferguson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Density Dependence ◽  
State Space ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Series Data

Abstract Background: It is often assumed that the population dynamics of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus, its role in malaria transmission and the way it responds to interventions are similar to the more elaborately characterized An. gambiae. However, An. funestus has several unique ecological features that could generate distinct transmission dynamics and responsiveness to interventions. The objectives of this work were to develop a model which will; 1) reconstruct the population dynamics, survival, and fecundity of wild An. funestus populations in southern Tanzania, 2) quantify impacts of density dependence on the dynamics, and 3) assess seasonal fluctuations in An. funestus demography. Through quantifying the population dynamics of An. funestus, this model will enable analysis of how their stability and response to interventions may different from that of An. gambiae s.l.Methods: A Bayesian State Space Model (SSM) based on mosquito life history was fit to time series data on the abundance of female An. funestus s.s. collected over 2 years in southern Tanzania. Prior values of fitness and demography were incorporated from empirical data on larval development, adult survival and fecundity from laboratory-reared first generation progeny of wild caught An. funestus. The model was structured to allow larval and adult fitness traits to vary seasonally in response to environmental covariates (i.e. temperature and rainfall), and for density dependency in larvae. We measured the effects of density dependence and seasonality through counterfactual examination of model fit with or without these covariates.Results: The model accurately reconstructed the seasonal population dynamics of An. funestus and generated biologically-plausible values of their survival larval, development and fecundity in the wild. This model suggests that An-funestus survival and fecundity annual pattern was highly variable across the year, but did not show consistent seasonal trends either rainfall or temperature. While the model fit was somewhat improved by inclusion of density dependence, this was a relatively minor effect and suggests that this process is not as important for An. funestus as it is for An. gambiae populations.Conclusion: The model's ability to accurately reconstruct the dynamics and demography of An. funestus could potentially be useful in simulating the response of these populations to vector control techniques deployed separately or in combination. The observed and simulated dynamics also suggests that An. funestus could be playing a role in year-round malaria transmission, with any apparent seasonality attributed to other vector species.

scholarly journals A full annual perspective on sex-biased migration timing in long-distance migratory birds

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1897) ◽  
pp. 20182821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martins Briedis ◽  
Silke Bauer ◽  
Peter Adamík ◽  
José A. Alves ◽  
Joana S. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Migration Timing ◽  
Female Migration ◽  
Proximate Determinants ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
And Migration

In many taxa, the most common form of sex-biased migration timing is protandry—the earlier arrival of males at breeding areas. Here we test this concept across the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds. Using more than 350 migration tracks of small-bodied trans-Saharan migrants, we quantify differences in male and female migration schedules and test for proximate determinants of sex-specific timing. In autumn, males started migration about 2 days earlier, but this difference did not carry over to arrival at the non-breeding sites. In spring, males on average departed from the African non-breeding sites about 3 days earlier and reached breeding sitesca4 days ahead of females. A cross-species comparison revealed large variation in the level of protandry and protogyny across the annual cycle. While we found tight links between individual timing of departure and arrival within each migration season, only for males the timing of spring migration was linked to the timing of previous autumn migration. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that protandry is not exclusively a reproductive strategy but rather occurs year-round and the two main proximate determinants for the magnitude of sex-biased arrival times in autumn and spring are sex-specific differences in departure timing and migration duration.

scholarly journals Stable isotope labelling of Ceratitis capitata

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Al-Khshemawee ◽  
Manjree Agarwal ◽  
Yonglin Ren
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Stable Isotope Labelling ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Sugar Water ◽  
Hatching Rates

The use of stable isotopes to label an insect species, the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephidae) (medfly) was investigated. Labelling allows mating and life history characteristics to be investigated experimentally. <sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>-glucose was incorporated into the diet of medflies at various stages of development by adding it to larval media or providing adults with sugar water. Data was collected from egg hatching until the death of adults. The results show that stable isotopes successfully labelled medflies in laboratory conditions. There were significant differences between labelled and unlabelled treatments in terms of eggs hatching rates, larval development, pupae emergence, adult survival, and mating behaviour. Labelling during larval development, and combined labelling at the larval and adult stages, resulted in detectable values. Labelling in the larval stage had no effect on mating behaviour, but that in the adult stage did. This study demonstrates that it is possible to label adult medflies and to detect the label after mating.

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