scholarly journals Cooperative functioning between phenylalanine ammonia lyase and isochorismate synthase activities contributes to salicylic acid biosynthesis in soybean

2016 ◽  
Vol 212 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Shine ◽  
Jung-Wook Yang ◽  
Mohamed El-Habbak ◽  
Padmaja Nagyabhyru ◽  
Da-Qi Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Isochorismate Synthase ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis

scholarly journals PBS3 and EPS1 complete salicylic acid biosynthesis from isochorismate in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Torrens-Spence ◽  
Anastassia Bobokalonova ◽  
Valentina Carballo ◽  
Christopher M. Glinkerman ◽  
Tomáš Pluskal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Isochorismate Synthase ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Family Protein ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Bahd Acyltransferase Family ◽  
Bahd Acyltransferase

AbstractSalicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone mediating both local and systemic defense responses in plants. Despite over half a century of research, how plants biosynthesize SA remains unresolved. In Arabidopsis, a major part of SA is derived from isochorismate, a key intermediate produced by the isochorismate synthase (ICS), which is reminiscent of SA biosynthesis in bacteria. Whereas bacteria employ an isochorismate pyruvate lyase (IPL) that catalyzes the turnover of isochorismate to pyruvate and SA, plants do not contain an IPL ortholog and generate SA from isochorismate through an unknown mechanism. Combining genetic and biochemical approaches, we delineated the SA biosynthetic pathway downstream of isochorismate in Arabidopsis. We show that PBS3, a GH3 acyl adenylase-family enzyme important for SA accumulation, catalyzes ATP- and Mg2+-dependent conjugation of L-glutamate primarily to the 8-carboxyl of isochorismate and yields the key SA biosynthetic intermediate isochorismoyl-glutamate A. Moreover, EPS1, a BAHD acyltransferase-family protein with previously implicated role in SA accumulation upon pathogen attack, harbors a noncanonical active site and an unprecedented isochorismoyl-glutamate A pyruvoyl-glutamate lyase (IPGL) activity that produces SA from the isochorismoyl-glutamate A substrate. Together, PBS3 and EPS1 form a two-step metabolic pathway to produce SA from isochorismate in Arabidopsis, which is distinct from how SA is biosynthesized in bacteria. This study closes a major knowledge gap in plant SA metabolism and would help develop new strategies for engineering disease resistance in crop plants.

scholarly journals Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism: A Divergent Pathway for Plants and Bacteria

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Awdhesh Kumar Mishra ◽  
Kwang-Hyun Baek
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Biosynthetic Enzyme ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Common Precursor

Salicylic acid (SA) is an active secondary metabolite that occurs in bacteria, fungi, and plants. SA and its derivatives (collectively called salicylates) are synthesized from chorismate (derived from shikimate pathway). SA is considered an important phytohormone that regulates various aspects of plant growth, environmental stress, and defense responses against pathogens. Besides plants, a large number of bacterial species, such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Azospirillum, Salmonella, Achromobacter, Vibrio, Yersinia, and Mycobacteria, have been reported to synthesize salicylates through the NRPS/PKS biosynthetic gene clusters. This bacterial salicylate production is often linked to the biosynthesis of small ferric-ion-chelating molecules, salicyl-derived siderophores (known as catecholate) under iron-limited conditions. Although bacteria possess entirely different biosynthetic pathways from plants, they share one common biosynthetic enzyme, isochorismate synthase, which converts chorismate to isochorismate, a common precursor for synthesizing SA. Additionally, SA in plants and bacteria can undergo several modifications to carry out their specific functions. In this review, we will systematically focus on the plant and bacterial salicylate biosynthesis and its metabolism.

scholarly journals TGACG-BINDING FACTOR 1 (TGA1) and TGA4 regulate salicylic acid and pipecolic acid biosynthesis by modulating the expression ofSYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1(SARD1) andCALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEIN 60g(CBP60g)

2017 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
pp. 344-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongjun Sun ◽  
Lucas Busta ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Pingtao Ding ◽  
Reinhard Jetter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Pipecolic Acid ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Binding Factor

scholarly journals Postharvest Quality of Cut Roses With the Application of Salicylic Acid

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
Sérgio Miguel Mazaro ◽  
Edson Bertoldo ◽  
Nean Locatelli Dalacosta ◽  
Fabiana Chiamulera Borsatti ◽  
Mycheli Preuss da Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Stem Curvature ◽  
Lower Stem

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of salicylic acid (SA) on the maintenance of quality and longevity of cut roses cv. Vega. Cut roses were kept in a vase solution of SA and water at concentrations of 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mM. All treatments were kept at 8±2 oC for 96 hours, simulating storage in flower shops; the flowers were then evaluated regarding loss of fresh matter and leaf chlorophyll content and were transferred to beakers containing distilled water at 25±2 ºC for more 144 hours, simulating shelf life. At 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours from the beginning of the experiment, biochemical analyses of total proteins and the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidases (PO) were performed. Visual analyses were performed (stem curvature, turgescence and petal darkening) every 48 hour intervals until the end of the experiment. The treatments with SA allowed the maintenance of post-harvest quality, reducing the loss of fresh matter mass, lower stem curvature, greater turgescence and less darkening of the petals. The results showed that the application of SA increased total protein contents and FAL, which characterizes the activation of plant defense mechanisms to the senescence process.

scholarly journals Abscisic acid modulates salicylic acid biosynthesis for systemic acquired resistance in tomato

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 1850-1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyuki Kusajima ◽  
Yasuko Okumura ◽  
Moeka Fujita ◽  
Hideo Nakashita
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis

The effect of salicylic acid on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and stilbene synthase gene expression in Vitis amurensis Cell Culture

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. Kiselev ◽  
A. S. Dubrovina ◽  
G. A. Isaeva ◽  
Y. N. Zhuravlev
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Stilbene Synthase ◽  
Vitis Amurensis ◽  
Stilbene Synthase Gene

scholarly journals Isochorismate-based salicylic acid biosynthesis confers basal resistance to Fusarium graminearum in barley

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1995-2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qunqun Hao ◽  
Wenqiang Wang ◽  
Xiuli Han ◽  
Jingzheng Wu ◽  
Bo Lyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Basal Resistance

scholarly journals Urinary Hippuric Acid after Ingestion of Edible Fruits

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmin Toromanović ◽  
Elvira Kovač-Bešović ◽  
Aida Šapčanin ◽  
Ismet Tahirović ◽  
Zlatan Rimpapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Aromatic Acids ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Spectrophotometric Measurement ◽  
Urine Sampling ◽  
Food Quantity

Aim of this study was to evaluate the biotransformation of simple phenols after ingestion of edible fruits and mixed food. It was analyzed hippuric acid in urine as biomarker of conjugation in the liver cells of glycine with aromatic phenolic acids such benzoic and salicylic acid from ingested food. Measurement of hippuric acid in urine samples of 10 healthy individuals: 5 female and 5 male with a mean age 51,5 years were recruited to participate in this study. Urine samples were collected for 24 hours. The additional meals 300 g of fruits: blueberry, cherry, raspberry, melon, blackberry and mixed food were given immediately before the 24 hr urine sampling. Otherwise, the meals given during 24 hr was a usually food. Biotransformation of phenols in edible fruits, that are together with liver glycins precursors of hippuric acid biosynthesis, was evaluated by direct spectrophotometric measurement of excreted hippuric acid in urine at 410 nm. It was established that the highest quantity of hippuric acid was after ingestion of 300g of bilberry fruits (p< 0,003), and same quantity of cherries (p< 0,003). Concentration of excreted hippuric acid was twice higher after ingestion of these fruits in comparison with hippuric acid concentrations in urine after ingestion of common - mixed food. Quantity of biosynthesised hippuric acid was in direct correlation with the concentrations of its precursors, primarily phenol acids and other simple aromatic acids ingested with food.

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