scholarly journals Investigations on VELVET regulatory mutants confirm the role of host tissue acidification and secretion of proteins in the pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea

2018 ◽  
Vol 219 (3) ◽  
pp. 1062-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Müller ◽  
Michaela Leroch ◽  
Julia Schumacher ◽  
David Zimmer ◽  
Anne Könnel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Regulatory Mutants

scholarly journals NADPH Oxidases Are Involved in Differentiation and Pathogenicity in Botrytis cinerea

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Segmüller ◽  
Leonie Kokkelink ◽  
Sabine Giesbert ◽  
Daniela Odinius ◽  
Jan van Kan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Knock Out

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) oxidases have been shown to be involved in various differentiation processes in fungi. We investigated the role of two NADPH oxidases in the necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. The genes bcnoxA and bcnoxB were cloned and characterized; their deduced amino acid sequences show high homology to fungal NADPH oxidases. Analyses of single and double knock-out mutants of both NADPH oxidase genes showed that both bcnoxA and bcnoxB are involved in formation of sclerotia. Both genes have a great impact on pathogenicity: whereas bcnoxB mutants showed a retarded formation of primary lesions, probably due to an impaired formation of penetration structures, bcnoxA mutants were able to penetrate host tissue in the same way as the wild type but were much slower in colonizing the host tissue. Double mutants showed an additive effect: they were aberrant in penetration and colonization of plant tissue and, therefore, almost nonpathogenic. To study the structure of the fungal Nox complex in more detail, bcnoxR (encoding a homolog of the mammalian p67phox, a regulatory subunit of the Nox complex) was functionally characterized. The phenotype of ΔbcnoxR mutants is identical to that of ΔbcnoxAB double mutants, providing evidence that BcnoxR is involved in activation of both Bcnox enzymes.

THE ROLE OF MYELOPEROXIDASE AND NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S4-S4
Author(s):  
Belal Chami ◽  
Gulfam Ahmad ◽  
Angie Schroder ◽  
Patrick San Gabriel ◽  
Paul Witting
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neutrophil Migration ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap

Abstract Neutrophils are short-lived immune cells that represent the major cell type recruited to the inflamed bowel releasing their azurophilic granules containing enzymes myeloperoxidase (MPO). Fecal and serum MPO levels has previously been shown to correlate to disease severity in IBD patients. MPO, in the presence of H2O2 and free Cl- undergoes a halogenation cycle, yielding the two-electron oxidant, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) - a potent bactericidal agent. However, chronic intestinal exposure to MPO/HOCl due to perpetual inflammation may cause secondary host-tissue injury and cell death. Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET)osis is a specialised form of neutrophil death where MPO is entrapped in a DNA scaffold and continues to elicit HOCl activity and may further contribute to host-tissue injury. We investigated the presence of NETs in surgically excised ileum samples from CD and healthy patients using advanced confocal microscopic techniques and found MPO, Neutrophil Elastase (NE) and Citrullinated Histone h3 (CitH3) - critical components of NET formation, individually positively correlate to the severity of histopathological intestinal injury. Furthermore, multiplex Opal™ IHC performed using LMS880 Airyscan-moduled microscopy with z-stacking revealed colocalization of NE, MPO, CitH3 and DAPI indicating the extensive presence of NETs in severely affected CD tissue. Using two pharmacological inhibitors of MPO in a dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) model of murine colitis, we demonstrated the pathological role of MPO in experimental colitis. MPO inhibitors, TEMPOL and AZD3241 delivered via daily i.p significantly rescued the course of colitis by abrogating clinical indices including body weight loss, disease activity index, inhibiting serum peroxidation, and preserving colon length, while significantly mitigating histoarchitectural damage associated with DSS-induced colitis. We also showed that MPO inhibition decreased neutrophil migration to the gut, suggesting MPO may play a role in perpetuating the inflammatory cell by further recruiting cells to the inflamed gut. Collectively, we have shown for the first time that MPO is not only an important clinical marker of disease severity but may also play a critical role in perpetuating host-tissue damage and inflammation.

The role of AcPGIP in the kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) response to Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe-Xin Li ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Yu-Xiang Miao ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Yun Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Actinidia Chinensis

scholarly journals Comparison of different extraction kits to isolate microRNA fromGalleria mellonella(wax moth) larvae infected withMetarhizium brunneum(ARSEF4556)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muneefah A. Alenezi ◽  
Tariq M. Butt ◽  
Daniel C. Eastwood
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Infected Insect ◽  
Sequencing And Expression ◽  
Wax Moth

ABSTRACTMicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in regulating gene expression and are involved in developmental processes in animals, plants and fungi. To understand the role of miRNAs in a biological system, it is important to optimise the extraction procedures to obtain high quality and quantity nucleic acid that enable high throughput sequencing and expression analysis. Numerous kit-based miRNA extraction protocols have been optimised generally to single cell or tissue cultures. Fungi, however, often occupy physically and chemically complex environments which miRNA make extraction challenging, such as fungal pathogens interacting within plant or animal host tissue. We used aGalleria mellonella(wax moth) larvae and entomopathogenic fungusMetarhizium brunneum ARSEF 4556host/pathogen model to compare commercially available miRNA extraction kits (Invitrogen PureLink™ miRNA Isolation Kit, Ambion mirVana™miRNA Isolation Kit and Norgen microRNA purification Kit). Our results showed reproducible and significant differences in miRNAs extraction between the kits, with the Invitrogen PureLink™ miRNA Isolation protocol demonstrating the best performance in terms of miRNA quantity, quality and integrity isolated from fungus-infected insect tissue.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF l-METHIONINE IN VIRUS PROPAGATION

1951 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Ackermann ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Host Tissue ◽  
Virus Propagation

dl-Methoxinine and dl-ethionine prevent the propagation of influenza PR8 virus in a medium ordinarily favorable. The inhibitors do not act by destroying the virus, the host tissue, or by preventing the infection of the cells, but by interfering with the synthesis of the virus. The action of the inhibitors can be blocked by l-methionine. l-Methionine is involved in the biosynthesis of influenza PR8 virus.

Role of the host tissue in the anti-invasive activity of the alkyllysophospholipid, ET-18-OCH3,in vitro

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. C. Schallier ◽  
E. A. Bruyneel ◽  
G. A. Storme ◽  
M. M. Mareel
Keyword(s):  
Host Tissue

scholarly journals Investigation of the role of AcTPR2 in kiwifruit and its response to Botrytis cinerea infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhexin Li ◽  
Jian-Bin Lan ◽  
Yi-Qing Liu ◽  
Li-Wang Qi ◽  
Jianmin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Defensive Enzymes ◽  
Endogenous Phytohormones

Abstract Background: Elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of kiwifruit response to gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea can provide the basis for its molecular breeding to impart resistance against this disease. In this study, 'Hongyang' kiwifruit served as the experimental material; the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) co-repressor gene AcTPR2 was cloned into a pTRV2 vector (AcTPR2-TRV) and the virus-induced gene silencing technique was used to establish the functions of the AcTPR2 gene in kiwifruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea.Results: Virus-induced silencing of AcTPR2 enhanced the susceptibility of kiwifruit to Botrytis cinerea. Defensive enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and endogenous phytohormones such as indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) were detected. Kiwifruit activated these enzymes and endogenous phytohormones in response to pathogen-induced stress and injury. The expression levels of the IAA signaling genes—AcNIT, AcARF1, and AcARF2—were higher in the AcTPR2-TRV treatment group than in the control. The IAA levels were higher and the rot phenotype was more severe in AcTPR2-TRV kiwifruits than that in the control. These results suggested that AcTPR2 downregulation promotes expression of IAA and IAA signaling genes and accelerates postharvest kiwifruit senescence. Further, Botrytis cinerea dramatically upregulated AcTPR2, indicating that AcTPR2 augments kiwifruit defense against pathogens by downregulating the IAA and IAA signaling genes.Conclusions: The results of the present study could help clarify the regulatory mechanisms of disease resistance in kiwifruit and furnish genetic resources for molecular breeding of kiwifruit disease resistance.

scholarly journals Diversified Regulation of Cytokinin Levels and Signaling During Botrytis cinerea Infection in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Li ◽  
Ruolin Wang ◽  
Shiya Wang ◽  
Jiang Zhang ◽  
Ling Chang
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Response Regulator ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Complex Regulation

Cytokinins (CKs) can modulate plant immunity to various pathogens, but how CKs are involved in plant defense responses to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea is still unknown. Here, we found that B. cinerea infection induced transcriptional changes in multiple genes involved in the biosynthesis, degradation, and signaling of CKs, as well as their contents, in pathogen-infected Arabidopsis leaves. Among the CKs, the gene expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE 5 (CKX5) was remarkably induced in the local infected leaves and the distant leaves of the same plant without pathogen inoculation. Cis-zeatin (cZ) and its riboside (cZR) accumulated considerably in infected leaves, suggesting an important role of the cis-zeatin type of CKs in the plant response to B. cinerea. Cytokinin double-receptor mutants were more susceptible to B. cinerea infection, whereas an exogenous CK treatment enhanced the expression levels of defense-related genes and of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET), but not salicylic acid (SA), resulting in higher resistance of Arabidopsis to B. cinerea. Investigation of CK responses to B. cinerea infection in the JA biosynthesis mutant, jar1-1, and ET-insensitive mutant, ein2-1, showed that CK signaling and levels of CKs, namely, those of isopentenyladenine (iP), isopentenyladenine riboside (iPR), and trans-zeatin (tZ), were enhanced in jar1-1-infected leaves. By contrast, reductions in iP, iPR, tZ, and tZ riboside (tZR) as well as cZR contents occurred in ein2-1-infected leaves, whose transcript levels of CK signaling genes were likewise differentially regulated. The Arabidopsis Response Regulator 5 (ARR5) gene was upregulated in infected leaves of ein2-1 whereas another type-A response regulator, ARR16, was significantly downregulated, suggesting the existence of a complex regulation of CK signaling via the ET pathway. Accumulation of the cis-zeatin type of CKs in B. cinerea-infected leaves depended on ET but not JA pathways. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that CK responds to B. cinerea infection in a variety of ways that are differently modulated by JA and ET pathways in Arabidopsis.

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