The role of AcPGIP in the kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) response to Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe-Xin Li ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Yu-Xiang Miao ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Yun Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Actinidia Chinensis

scholarly journals NADPH Oxidases Are Involved in Differentiation and Pathogenicity in Botrytis cinerea

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Segmüller ◽  
Leonie Kokkelink ◽  
Sabine Giesbert ◽  
Daniela Odinius ◽  
Jan van Kan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Knock Out

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) oxidases have been shown to be involved in various differentiation processes in fungi. We investigated the role of two NADPH oxidases in the necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. The genes bcnoxA and bcnoxB were cloned and characterized; their deduced amino acid sequences show high homology to fungal NADPH oxidases. Analyses of single and double knock-out mutants of both NADPH oxidase genes showed that both bcnoxA and bcnoxB are involved in formation of sclerotia. Both genes have a great impact on pathogenicity: whereas bcnoxB mutants showed a retarded formation of primary lesions, probably due to an impaired formation of penetration structures, bcnoxA mutants were able to penetrate host tissue in the same way as the wild type but were much slower in colonizing the host tissue. Double mutants showed an additive effect: they were aberrant in penetration and colonization of plant tissue and, therefore, almost nonpathogenic. To study the structure of the fungal Nox complex in more detail, bcnoxR (encoding a homolog of the mammalian p67phox, a regulatory subunit of the Nox complex) was functionally characterized. The phenotype of ΔbcnoxR mutants is identical to that of ΔbcnoxAB double mutants, providing evidence that BcnoxR is involved in activation of both Bcnox enzymes.

scholarly journals Investigation of the role of AcTPR2 in kiwifruit and its response to Botrytis cinerea infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhexin Li ◽  
Jian-Bin Lan ◽  
Yi-Qing Liu ◽  
Li-Wang Qi ◽  
Jianmin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Defensive Enzymes ◽  
Endogenous Phytohormones

Abstract Background: Elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of kiwifruit response to gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea can provide the basis for its molecular breeding to impart resistance against this disease. In this study, 'Hongyang' kiwifruit served as the experimental material; the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) co-repressor gene AcTPR2 was cloned into a pTRV2 vector (AcTPR2-TRV) and the virus-induced gene silencing technique was used to establish the functions of the AcTPR2 gene in kiwifruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea.Results: Virus-induced silencing of AcTPR2 enhanced the susceptibility of kiwifruit to Botrytis cinerea. Defensive enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and endogenous phytohormones such as indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) were detected. Kiwifruit activated these enzymes and endogenous phytohormones in response to pathogen-induced stress and injury. The expression levels of the IAA signaling genes—AcNIT, AcARF1, and AcARF2—were higher in the AcTPR2-TRV treatment group than in the control. The IAA levels were higher and the rot phenotype was more severe in AcTPR2-TRV kiwifruits than that in the control. These results suggested that AcTPR2 downregulation promotes expression of IAA and IAA signaling genes and accelerates postharvest kiwifruit senescence. Further, Botrytis cinerea dramatically upregulated AcTPR2, indicating that AcTPR2 augments kiwifruit defense against pathogens by downregulating the IAA and IAA signaling genes.Conclusions: The results of the present study could help clarify the regulatory mechanisms of disease resistance in kiwifruit and furnish genetic resources for molecular breeding of kiwifruit disease resistance.

scholarly journals Diversified Regulation of Cytokinin Levels and Signaling During Botrytis cinerea Infection in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Li ◽  
Ruolin Wang ◽  
Shiya Wang ◽  
Jiang Zhang ◽  
Ling Chang
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Response Regulator ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Complex Regulation

Cytokinins (CKs) can modulate plant immunity to various pathogens, but how CKs are involved in plant defense responses to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea is still unknown. Here, we found that B. cinerea infection induced transcriptional changes in multiple genes involved in the biosynthesis, degradation, and signaling of CKs, as well as their contents, in pathogen-infected Arabidopsis leaves. Among the CKs, the gene expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE 5 (CKX5) was remarkably induced in the local infected leaves and the distant leaves of the same plant without pathogen inoculation. Cis-zeatin (cZ) and its riboside (cZR) accumulated considerably in infected leaves, suggesting an important role of the cis-zeatin type of CKs in the plant response to B. cinerea. Cytokinin double-receptor mutants were more susceptible to B. cinerea infection, whereas an exogenous CK treatment enhanced the expression levels of defense-related genes and of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET), but not salicylic acid (SA), resulting in higher resistance of Arabidopsis to B. cinerea. Investigation of CK responses to B. cinerea infection in the JA biosynthesis mutant, jar1-1, and ET-insensitive mutant, ein2-1, showed that CK signaling and levels of CKs, namely, those of isopentenyladenine (iP), isopentenyladenine riboside (iPR), and trans-zeatin (tZ), were enhanced in jar1-1-infected leaves. By contrast, reductions in iP, iPR, tZ, and tZ riboside (tZR) as well as cZR contents occurred in ein2-1-infected leaves, whose transcript levels of CK signaling genes were likewise differentially regulated. The Arabidopsis Response Regulator 5 (ARR5) gene was upregulated in infected leaves of ein2-1 whereas another type-A response regulator, ARR16, was significantly downregulated, suggesting the existence of a complex regulation of CK signaling via the ET pathway. Accumulation of the cis-zeatin type of CKs in B. cinerea-infected leaves depended on ET but not JA pathways. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that CK responds to B. cinerea infection in a variety of ways that are differently modulated by JA and ET pathways in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Investigation of the role of AcTPR2 in kiwifruit and its response to Botrytis cinerea infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhexin Li ◽  
Jian-Bin Lan ◽  
Yi-Qing Liu ◽  
Li-Wang Qi ◽  
Jianmin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Defensive Enzymes ◽  
Endogenous Phytohormones

Abstract Background: Elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of kiwifruit response to gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea can provide the basis for its molecular breeding to impart resistance against this disease. In this study, 'Hongyang' kiwifruit served as the experimental material; the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) co-repressor gene AcTPR2 was cloned into a pTRV2 vector (AcTPR2-TRV) and the virus-induced gene silencing technique was used to establish the functions of the AcTPR2 gene in kiwifruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea.Results: Virus-induced silencing of AcTPR2 enhanced the susceptibility of kiwifruit to Botrytis cinerea. Defensive enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and endogenous phytohormones such as indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) were detected. Kiwifruit activated these enzymes and endogenous phytohormones in response to pathogen-induced stress and injury. The expression levels of the IAA signaling genes—AcNIT, AcARF1, and AcARF2—were higher in the AcTPR2-TRV treatment group than in the control. The IAA levels were higher and the rot phenotype was more severe in AcTPR2-TRV kiwifruits than that in the control. These results suggested that AcTPR2 downregulation promotes expression of IAA and IAA signaling genes and accelerates postharvest kiwifruit senescence. Further, Botrytis cinerea dramatically upregulated AcTPR2, indicating that AcTPR2 augments kiwifruit defense against pathogens by downregulating the IAA and IAA signaling genes.Conclusions: The results of the present study could help clarify the regulatory mechanisms of disease resistance in kiwifruit and furnish genetic resources for molecular breeding of kiwifruit disease resistance.

The study of intracellular and secreted high-molecular-mass protease(s) of Trichoderma spp., and their responses to conidiation stimuli

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 653-667
Author(s):  
Matej Mat’at’a ◽  
Helena Galádová ◽  
L’udovít Varečka ◽  
Martin Šimkovič
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
High Molecular Mass ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Penicillium Purpurogenum ◽  
The Media

We continued our study of high-molecular-mass proteases (HMMPs) using several strains of the genus Trichoderma, and other filamentous fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum, and Penicillium purpurogenum). We found that five Trichoderma strains secreted HMMPs into the media after induction with bovine serum albumin. Botrytis cinerea and F. culmorum secreted proteases in the absence of inducer, while A. niger or P. purpurogenum did not secrete proteolytic activity (PA). The activity of HMMPs secreted by or intracellularly located in Trichoderma spp. represents the predominant part of cellular PA, according to zymogram patterns. This observation allowed the study of HMMPs’ physiological role(s) independent from the secretion. In studying conidiation, we found that illumination significantly stimulated PA in Trichoderma strains. In the T. atroviride IMI 206040 strain, we demonstrated that this stimulation is dependent on the BLR1 and BLR2 receptors. No stimulation of PA was observed when mechanical injury was used as an elicitor of conidiation. Compounds used as inhibitors or activators of conidiation exerted no congruent effects on both PA and conidiation. These results do not favour a direct role of HMMPs in conidiation. Probably, HMMP activity may be involved in the process of the activation of metabolism during vegetative growth, differentiation, and aging-related processes.

scholarly journals Dissecting the role of climacteric ethylene in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) ripening using a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase knockdown line

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 3821-3835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross G. Atkinson ◽  
Kularajathevan Gunaseelan ◽  
Mindy Y. Wang ◽  
Luke Luo ◽  
Tianchi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Actinidia Chinensis

scholarly journals The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase BcSak1 of Botrytis cinerea Is Required for Pathogenic Development and Has Broad Regulatory Functions Beyond Stress Response

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 802-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Heller ◽  
Nadja Ruhnke ◽  
José Juan Espino ◽  
Michelli Massaroli ◽  
Isidro Gonzalez Collado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) BcSak1 of Botrytis cinerea is activated upon exposure to H2O2 and, hence, might be involved in coping with oxidative stress during infection. However, beside osmotic and oxidative stress sensitivity, Δbcsak1 mutants have a pleiotropic phenotype, as they do not produce conidia and are unable to penetrate unwounded host tissue. In this study, the role of BcSak1 was investigated in the stress response and during infection of French beans by Botrytis cinerea. Using a macroarray approach, it was shown that BcSak1 is only marginally involved in the specific oxidative stress response. In fact, the induction of several genes after oxidative stress treatment is BcSak1-dependent, but most of these genes are also induced under conditions of osmotic stress. The majority of genes regulated by BcSak1 are not involved in the stress response at all. Using a translational fusion of BcSak1 to green fluorescent protein, it was shown clearly that the localization of this MAPK depends on the type of stress being applied; it associates rapidly to the nucleus only under osmotic stress. Therefore, a model is proposed in which BcSak1 acts in the cytosol by activation of one or more transcription factors under oxidative stress and, at the same time, it reacts to osmotic stress by migrating to the nucleus. Interestingly, the MAPK is also involved in the regulation of secondary metabolism, as the major phytotoxins secreted by this fungus are reduced in the Δbcsak1 deletion mutant. Experiments done in planta underlined the essential role of BcSak1 in the early stages of infection, when it translocates to the nucleus and then changes to cytosolic distribution during hyphal growth within the tissue.

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