Systematic Review of the Manifestations of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Infants and Characterization of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

Background and Objectives: Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable congenital anomalies. Comprehensive country-level data on the burden of CRS in low and middle-income countries, such as Bangladesh, are scarce. This information is essential for assessing the impact of rubella vaccination programs. We aim to systematically review the literature on the epidemiology of CRS and estimate the burden of CRS in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of existing literature and transmission modelling of seroprevalence studies to estimate the pre-vaccine period burden of CRS in Bangladesh. OVID Medline (1948 – 23 November 2016) and OVID EMBASE (1974 – 23 November 2016) were searched using a combination of the database-specific controlled vocabulary and free text terms. We used an age-stratified deterministic model to estimate the pre-vaccination burden of CRS in Bangladesh. Findings: Ten articles were identified, published between 2000 and 2014, including seven crosssectional studies, two case series and one analytical case-control study. Rubella seropositivity ranged from 47.0% to 86.0% among all age population. Rubella sero–positivity increased with age. Rubella seropositivity among women of childbearing age was 81.0% overall. The estimated incidence of CRS was 0·99 per 1,000 live births, which corresponds to approximately 3,292 CRS cases annually in Bangladesh. Conclusion: The estimated burden of CRS in Bangladesh during the pre-vaccination period was high. This will provide important baseline information to assess the impact and cost-effectiveness of routine rubella immunisation, introduced in 2012 in Bangladesh.

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Identifying Public Health Problems

10.1093/oso/9780190681050.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Scott Burris ◽

Micah L. Berman ◽

Matthew Penn, and ◽

Tara Ramanathan Holiday

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Problems ◽

Health Priorities ◽

Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽

Quality Adjusted Life Years ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Study Designs ◽

Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 5 discusses the use of epidemiology to identify the source of public health problems and inform policymaking. It uses a case study to illustrate how researchers, policymakers, and practitioners detect diseases, identify their sources, determine the extent of an outbreak, and prevent new infections. The chapter also defines key measures in epidemiology that can indicate public health priorities, including morbidity and mortality, years of potential life lost, and measures of lifetime impacts, including disability-adjusted life years and quality-adjusted life years. Finally, the chapter reviews epidemiological study designs, differentiating between experimental and observational studies, to show how to interpret data and identify limitations.

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Sex-Dependent End-of-Life Mental and Vascular Scenarios for Compensatory Mechanisms in Mice with Normal and AD-Neurodegenerative Aging

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9020111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 111

Author(s):

Aida Muntsant ◽

Francesc Jiménez-Altayó ◽

Lidia Puertas-Umbert ◽

Elena Jiménez-Xarrie ◽

Elisabet Vila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

End Of Life ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽

Pharmacological Interventions ◽

Compensatory Mechanisms ◽

Healthy Life ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Bidirectional Interactions

Life expectancy decreases with aging, with cardiovascular, mental health, and neurodegenerative disorders strongly contributing to the total disability-adjusted life years. Interestingly, the morbidity/mortality paradox points to females having a worse healthy life expectancy. Since bidirectional interactions between cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) have been reported, the study of this emerging field is promising. In the present work, we further explored the cardiovascular–brain interactions in mice survivors of two cohorts of non-transgenic and 3xTg-AD mice, including both sexes, to investigate the frailty/survival through their life span. Survival, monitored from birth, showed exceptionally worse mortality rates in females than males, independently of the genotype. This mortality selection provided a “survivors” cohort that could unveil brain–cardiovascular interaction mechanisms relevant for normal and neurodegenerative aging processes restricted to long-lived animals. The results show sex-dependent distinct physical (worse in 3xTg-AD males), neuropsychiatric-like and cognitive phenotypes (worse in 3xTg-AD females), and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation (higher in females), with higher cerebral blood flow and improved cardiovascular phenotype in 3xTg-AD female mice survivors. The present study provides an experimental scenario to study the suggested potential compensatory hemodynamic mechanisms in end-of-life dementia, which is sex-dependent and can be a target for pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.

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Examination of incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years and risk factors of breast cancer in 49 Asian countries, 1990–2019: estimates from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1093/jjco/hyab004 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rajesh Sharma

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Burden Of Disease ◽

Global Burden ◽

Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Standardized Mortality Rate

Abstract Background This study presents an up-to-date, comprehensive and comparative examination of breast cancer’s temporal patterns in females in Asia in last three decades. Methods The estimates of incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted-life-years and risk factors of breast cancer in females in 49 Asian countries were retrieved from Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. Results In Asia, female breast cancer incidence grew from 245 045[226 259–265 260] in 1990 to 914 878[815 789–1025 502] in 2019 with age-standardized incidence rate rising from 21.2/100 000[19.6–22.9] to 35.9/100 000[32.0–40.2] between 1990 and 2019. The death counts more than doubled from 136 665[126 094–148 380] to 337 822[301 454–375 251]. The age-standardized mortality rate rose marginally between 1990 and 2019 (1990: 12.1[11.0–13.1]; 2019: 13.4[12.0–14.9]). In 2019, age-standardized incidence rate varied from 17.2/100 000[13.95–21.4] in Mongolia to 122.5[92.1–160.7] in Lebanon and the age-standardized mortality rate varied 4-fold from 8.0/100 000 [7.2–8.8] in South Korea to 51.9[39.0–69.8] in Pakistan. High body mass index (5.6%), high fasting plasma glucose (5.6%) and secondhand smoke (3.5%) were the main contributory risk factors to all-age disability-adjusted-life-years due to breast cancer in Asia. Conclusion With growing incidence, escalating dietary and behavioural risk factors and lower survival rates due to late-disease presentation in low- and medium-income countries of Asia, breast cancer has become a significant public health threat. Its rising burden calls for increasing breast cancer awareness, preventive measures, early-stage detection and cost-effective therapeutics in Asia.

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Assessing antiretroviral therapy success in HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality trends in Brazil, 1990–2017: an interrupted time series study

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462420952989 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 095646242095298

Author(s):

Augusto Cesar Lara de Sousa ◽

Tatiana de Araujo Eleuterio ◽

José Victor Afonso Coutinho ◽

Raphael Mendonça Guimarães

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Burden Of Disease ◽

Interrupted Time Series ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

The Impact ◽

Hiv Aids

To describe the trends of HIV/AIDS metrics related to the burden of disease for Brazil between 1990 and 2017 we conducted a timeseries analysis for HIV/AIDS indicators by extracting data from the Global Burden of Disease study. We calculated traditional prevalence, incidence and mortality rates, the number of years lost by HIV-related deaths (YLL) and disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY). We estimated time series models and assessed the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the same indicators. In the set of disability-adjusted life years (DALY), the highest weight of its magnitude was due to YLL. There was a decline, especially after 1996, of DALY, mortality and YLL for HIV/AIDS. However, YLD, incidence, and prevalence increased over the same period. Also, the analysis of interrupted time series showed that the introduction of HAART into health policy had a significant impact on indicators, especially for DALY and YLL. We need to assess the quality of life of people living with HIV, especially among older adults. In addition, we need to focus on primary prevention, emphasizing methods to avoid infection and public policies should reflect this.

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Burden of Stroke in Myanmar

Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra ◽

10.1159/000515123 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 49-51

Author(s):

Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian ◽

Yee Mon Khine ◽

Ohnmar Ohnmar ◽

Myat Po Po Kyaw Khin ◽

Min Thit Win

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Mechanical Thrombectomy ◽

Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽

Stroke Units ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Life Years Lost ◽

Standardized Mortality Rate ◽

Age And Sex

Myanmar is home to over 51 million people. The age- and sex-standardized mortality rate due to stroke is 165.4/100,000, while the rate of age- and sex-standardized disability-adjusted life years lost due to stroke is 2971.3/100,000. The prevalence of stroke among adults aged 40–99 years is 1.5%. Stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and comprises 20% of the neurological workload. There are only 10 stroke units in the whole country. Doctors are aware of the importance of hypertension in stroke prevention and the need for physiotherapy after stroke, but, until recently and in rural areas, they also tend to use steroids and neuroprotectants, and lower blood pressure aggressively acutely after stroke; antiplatelets are not widely used. Thrombolysis service is available at some tertiary centers but mechanical thrombectomy is not yet available.

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