Natural laboratories in emerging countries and comparative advantages in science: Evidence from Chile

The knowledge about the relations between domestic institutional quality and the sustainable development of exports in emerging markets remains limited, since most research into the relations between the institutional environment and the sustainable development of exports has been conducted in developed market economies, especially in those of North America and Europe. With dynamic changes in the institutional environment of emerging countries over the years, this paper provides a novel perspective for investigating the relations above. This is the first paper to investigate the impact of institutional quality on the sustainable development of industries’ exports in emerging countries from a comprehensive perspective of multiple institutional environments and multi-dimensional industries’ heterogeneity. On the basis of defining institutional quality and industry heterogeneity, this paper explores the underlying mechanisms of institutional quality affecting sustainable development of industries’ exports and conducts empirical analyses by using the data from China’s 20 industries’ exports to 117 countries for the period of 1996–2011. The results show that: (a) Industries with higher degrees of financial dependence or higher product technical complexities have export comparative advantages in better financial environments; (b) Industries with higher research and development (R&D) intensity or a higher concentration of intermediate inputs have export comparative advantages in better legal environments; (c) The differences in the level of financial development or in the efficiency of legal system would influence the effects of interactions between institutional quality and industry heterogeneity on the sustainable development of industries’ exports. The present paper provides new evidence that institutional quality does promote the sustainable development of industries’ exports in emerging countries. These results indicate that exports of heterogeneous industries in emerging economies are an adaptive response to the specific institutional environment, as well as a continuous release of institutional dividends with the improvement of the institutional environment.

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The Role of Universities in Supporting Local Agroindustry

Industry and Higher Education ◽

10.5367/000000008787225911 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 411-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ernesto Tavoletti

Keyword(s):

Local Governments ◽

Emerging Countries ◽

Competitive Advantages ◽

Economic Potential ◽

Highly Qualified ◽

Comparative Advantages ◽

Knowledge Intensive ◽

Local Traditions ◽

First Mover

This paper analyses the role of universities in supporting local agroindustry using the case of the Piceno agroindustrial district in Italy. Emerging countries' comparative advantages, made stronger by increased international trade and the rediscovery of local traditions and typicality, do not signify that there will be a less knowledge-intensive agroindustry in the future. On the contrary, only those SMEs with consolidated competitive advantages, based on knowledge embodied in highly-qualified employees, will be able to exploit the new comparative advantages made available by delocalization and take full advantage of the economic potential of typicality. Peripheral universities play a first-mover role in training and creating dynamic linkages with local governments and local agroindustry.

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Economic Way of Thought and Legislationon Nonprofit Organizations

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2012-8-48-63 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 48-63

Author(s):

L. Yakobson

Keyword(s):

Nonprofit Organizations ◽

Empirical Data ◽

Nonprofit Sector ◽

Social Medium ◽

The State ◽

Rapid Changes ◽

Comparative Advantages ◽

Essential Prerequisite

The article considers proper legislation as an essential prerequisite for actualization of NPOs comparative advantages. Restrictions imposed on NPOs are reasonable if they are compensated by benefits from greater trust. The rigidity of constrains and requirements should be optimized while accounting for peculiarities of a social medium, the state of the nonprofit sector, and the governments readiness to encourage the development of the latter. As empirical data suggests, Russian NPOs being on different stages of maturity need separate legal treatment. In the meanwhile, interests that prevail in the NPOs community are not always conducive to rapid changes.

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Principles of Evolutionary Modernization of Transition Economies

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2009-7-85-96 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 85-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Rustamov

Keyword(s):

National Culture ◽

Transition Economies ◽

Transition Economy ◽

World Economic Forum ◽

Governance Mechanisms ◽

Beneficial Use ◽

Strategic Issues ◽

The World ◽

Comparative Advantages ◽

World Economic

The article considers strategic issues of modernization of the transition economy. The analysis is based on the methodology of the World Economic Forum where special attention is paid to the sequence of the transformation stages. The main conclusion is that modernization should combine implementation of the governance mechanisms with the beneficial use of comparative advantages of the national culture. In fact, modernization of the transition economy should be evolutionary. It is precisely this course of development that is relevant for Azerbaijan which has successfully upgraded its economy in the recent years.

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Argentina’s G20 Presidency: Agenda and Challenges

Latin American Report ◽

10.25159/0256-6060/4735 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

Author(s):

Gladys Teresita Lechini ◽

José Marcelino Fernández Alonso

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Emerging Countries ◽

Window Of Opportunity ◽

Global Forum ◽

Argentine Republic ◽

Global Arena ◽

The Voice ◽

Shed Light

The assumption of the Group of 20 (G20) rotating presidency in December 2017 has created a meaningful window of opportunity for Argentina in order to wield its influence on the international agenda and build its reputation within the global arena. In addition, the Argentinean G20 presidency has become a significant chance to project a Southern and/or developing perspective within this global forum established to debate and address the most pressing economic and political international challenges. This article aims to analyse the agenda and challenges of the Argentinean G20 presidency. In so doing, it attempts to shed light on the following questions: What mechanisms or means will the Argentine Republic deploy in order to exert its influence on the group? Will Argentina represent the voice of Latin American and emerging countries or will it have an acquiescent behaviour towards the central powers? Will the Argentinean presidency be able to ease the group’s internal tensions? Finally, might the Argentinean presidency overcome the critics regarding the G20’s legitimacy?

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Forensic science evidence: Naive estimates of false positive error rates and reliability

10.31234/osf.io/anxur ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kristy Martire ◽

Agnes Bali ◽

Kaye Ballantyne ◽

Gary Edmond ◽

Richard Kemp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forensic Science ◽

False Positive ◽

Error Rates ◽

Forensic Sciences ◽

Positive Error ◽

False Positive Error ◽

Reliability Estimates ◽

Positive Report ◽

Science Evidence ◽

Science Disciplines

We do not know how often false positive reports are made in a range of forensic science disciplines. In the absence of this information it is important to understand the naive beliefs held by potential jurors about forensic science evidence reliability. It is these beliefs that will shape evaluations at trial. This descriptive study adds to our knowledge about naive beliefs by: 1) measuring jury-eligible (lay) perceptions of reliability for the largest range of forensic science disciplines to date, over three waves of data collection between 2011 and 2016 (n = 674); 2) calibrating reliability ratings with false positive report estimates; and 3) comparing lay reliability estimates with those of an opportunity sample of forensic practitioners (n = 53). Overall the data suggest that both jury-eligible participants and practitioners consider forensic evidence highly reliable. When compared to best or plausible estimates of reliability and error in the forensic sciences these views appear to overestimate reliability and underestimate the frequency of false positive errors. This result highlights the importance of collecting and disseminating empirically derived estimates of false positive error rates to ensure that practitioners and potential jurors have a realistic impression of the value of forensic science evidence.

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