scholarly journals Empirical Modeling for the Spot Price of Gold Based on Influencing Factors

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Weihe Wang ◽  
Weixuan Xia
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Multivariate Time Series ◽  
Gold Price ◽  
Empirical Modeling ◽  
Spot Price ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Individual

In light of the special roles of the price of gold on the technological and economic development as well as social aspects of human society, it is of great importance and necessity to develop a series of statistical models that, based on sound reflection of the current structure of the gold market, are able to provide valuable references for trends of the gold price. In fact, the gold price is influenced by a variety of economic factors. For forecasting purposes, it is useful to study the short- and long-run effect of direct and indirect economic factors towards the supply and demand of gold and thus the spot price of gold. To this point, this paper focuses on analyzing the individual and mutual impact of influencing factors on the gold price and, simultaneously, providing a short-term forecast of the price of gold based on the relationships with other major macroeconomic variables. While these relationships are modeled with multiple regression, forecasts of individual factors are obtained under multivariate time series models. The forecasting results are found to be accurate in a relative sense, confirming the significant impact of the factors chosen while indicating the validity of the modeling idea applied.

The Inequality of Pay in Pre-modern Germany, Late 15th Century to 1889

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Pfister
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Modern Germany ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Modern Era

Abstract The study explores relative labour scarcity in a broad range of activities and relates it to the long-run dynamics of structural change, supply and demand of human capital, and the inequality between men and women. It builds on two recent compilations of wage data and complements these with additional information, particularly on wages in agriculture. From the second quarter of the seventeenth century the skill premium was stable; the first phase of industrialization did not lead to a differentiation of the individual return to human capital. Labour demand from the modern sector stabilized real wages of males from the second quarter of the eighteenth century at least and increased them from the mid-1850s onwards. This opened a wedge between the agricultural and the non-agricultural sectors already for considerable time before the beginnings of industrialization. Finally, the modern era saw two phases of labour market segmentation along gender lines, one in the later sixteenth and the early seventeenth centuries, the other from the 1840s to the 1870s.

AGGREGATE PHILLIPS CURVES ARE NOT ALWAYS VERTICAL: HETEROGENEITY AND MISMATCH IN MULTIREGION OR MULTISECTOR ECONOMIES

2000 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Hughes Hallett
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Natural Rate ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Natural Rate Of Unemployment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Vertical Heterogeneity ◽  
Equilibrium Level ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Individual

The aggregation of sectoral or regional Phillips curves yields an inflation–unemployment trade-off that is not vertical in the long run if there are mismatches between supply and demand in the regional or sectoral labor markets. This remains true even when the individual Phillips curves are all vertical. This result stems from variations in the slope of the individual short-run Phillips curves, rather than from changes to the equilibrium level of unemployment. It implies a role for the management of the distribution of demand over different sectors or regions, in order to minimize the natural rate of unemployment.

Universal Social Culture

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Muhammad Al Ghazali
Keyword(s):  
Natural Order ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
Empirical Survey ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The Individual

Shah Wali Allah's (1703-63) ideas and profound intellectual legacycontinue to atrract scholastic interest. Despite many works on his legacy,significant facets remain unknown. As his futuristic ideas hold great promisefor modem and future Islamic thought, his works should be analyzed.We will focus on one such idea: his synthesis of reason, revelation,and empiricism. Building on evidence from an inductive survey of socialphenomena to support the claims of revelation and staying within thedoctrinal framework of revealed guidance, he constructs a universal socialcultute paradigm and says that all Qur'anic injunctions and instructionsof the Prophet are compatible with the demands of human nature.His view of the individual and human society is an integral facet ofhis philosophy of life and is one of the most original parts of his legacy.He sees life as a display of the grand divine scheme in natural order andSocial organization. Although his exposition of humanity's social developmentseems to be in the nature of a humanist and sometimes assumes theform of an empirical survey, his final conclusions confirm the fundamentalpostulates of religion. Some modem exponents of his social doctrinessuggest that his ideas are not original and say that he might havetaken them from Ibn Sin$ or Ibn Khaldiin. However, a totalist view ofhis framework of thought shows that this is an unwamted assertion ...

scholarly journals Why “Less is More” in Non-Financial Reporting Initiatives: Concrete Steps Towards Supporting Sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Tsagas ◽  
Charlotte Villiers
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Corporate Sustainability ◽  
Sustainability Reporting ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Less Is More ◽  
Csr Reporting ◽  
Corporate Reporting ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Aspects

AbstractCalls are repeatedly made on corporations to respond to the challenges facing the planet from a sustainable development perspective and governments take solace in the idea that corporations' transparency on their corporate activity in relation to sustainability through voluntary reporting is adequately addressing the problem. In practice, however, reporting is failing to deliver truly sustainable results. The article considers the following questions: how does the varied reporting landscape in the field of non-financial reporting impede the objectives of fostering corporations' sustainable practices and which initiative, among the options available, may best meet the sustainability objectives after a decluttering of the landscape takes place?The article argues that the varied corporate reporting landscape constitutes a key obstacle to fostering sustainable corporate behaviour, insofar as the flexible and please all approach followed in the context of corporate sustainability reporting offers little to no real incentive to companies to behave more sustainably and ultimately pleases none in the long run. The case made is that “less is more” in non-financial reporting initiatives and hence the article calls for a revision of key aspects of the European Non-Financial Reporting Directive, which, as is argued, is more likely to achieve the furtherance of sustainable corporate behaviour. Although the different reporting requirements offer the benefits of focussing on different corporate goals and activities, targeting different audiences and allowing for a level of flexibility that respects the individual risks to sustainability associated with each industry, the end result is a landscape that lacks overall consistency and comparability of measurements and accountabilities, making accountability more, rather than less, difficult to achieve.The article acknowledges the existence of several variances relating to the notion of sustainability per se, which continues to remain a contested concept and variances between companies and industries in relation to how each is operating sustainably or unsustainably respectively. Such variances have so far inhibited the legislator from easily outlining through tailored legislation the individual risks to global sustainability in an all-encompassing manner. The end product is a chaotic system of financial reporting, CSR reporting, non-financial reporting and integrated reporting and little progress to increase comparability and credibility in order for companies to be held accountable and to behave in ways that do not harm the planet. A “clean up” of the varied initiatives in the terrain of non-financial reporting is recommended.

MERGE OF THE TECHNİCAL ANALYSİS TYPES GİVES THE BEST RESULTS İN CRYPTOCURRENCY MARKET

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (14) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
MUSTAFA ÖZYEŞİL ◽  
MOHAMMAD AL-TARIFI
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Investment Strategy ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Market Capitalization ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Peer Network ◽  
Tangible Asset ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Peer To Peer Network

Cryptocurrencies are a modern kind of financial instrument (Hudson & Urquhart, 2019), the first cryptocurrency is Bitcoin , proposed by who called Satoushi Nakamato (2008), as The open source was created on the proof-of-concept principle that transactions can be securely treated on a decentralized peer to peer network without the need for a central clearinghouse, which appeared 2009 ( Heid, 2013). The success of the bitcoin blazes a trail to what called ‘Altcoin” this expression means all the cryptocurrencies that set in motion after the victory of the bitcoin, these coins sell themselves as the best alternatives for the bitcoin (FRANKENFIELD, 2020) . There are many types for the altcoin. The third type of the cryptocurrency is called Tokens Unlike Bitcoin and Altcoins, tokens are not able to activate independently and are dependent on the grid of another cryptocurrency. That means they do not have their own core DLT or blockchain, but instead, are built on top of an existing cryptocurrency’s blockchain (Types of cryptocurrencies: explaining the major types of cryptos, 2019). The worth of bitcoin doesn’t depend on any tangible asset or economies of the countries while it is based upon the security of an algorithm which traces all transactions (Hudson & Urquhart, 2019). The studies determine the number of the bitcoin price development in the long -run (Ciaian, Rajcaniova, & Kancs, 2018): • Market forces of the Bitcoin supply and demand • The bitcoin’s attractiveness for the investors • The influence of global macro-financial developments If you're forming an investment strategy designed to help you trail long-term financial intentions, understanding the relationship between company size, return potential, and risk is vital. (Market cap—or market capitalization—refers to the total value of all a company's shares of stock, 2017) .Hence , Manifested importance a cryptocurrency’s market capitalization as the total values of all coins currently in circulation. the cryptocurrency’s market cap contains what’s called Bitcoin Dominance that is the ratio between the market cap of bitcoin to other coins of the cryptocurrency markets (jacobcanfield, 2019) . Cryptocurrency trade is attractive type of investment. this market treated the same of the foreign exchange and stock market ( Radityo, Munajat, & Budi, 2017). The investors using the same basic in investment (buy low, sell high) but they need to calculating the risks

scholarly journals Nutritional Status as an Important Factor in the Health Status of the Adult

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
J.H.P. Jonxis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Western World ◽  
First Year ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Permanent Damage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Breast Fed

Malnutrition in the first year of life may cause permanent damage to the individual. There may be a permanent retardation in growth if the malnutrition is a serious one and the food intake is severely insufficient over a longer, period. Specially when malnutrition occurs in the first months after birth, it may cause damage to the central nervous system.As long as the breast-fed child gets enough breastmilk, it is unlikely that serious problems  arise. The declinein feeding in many developing countries is a serious problem, especially because the alternatives for human milk are not always available, owing to economic factors. In the, countries of the Western world there exists just, the opposite problem owing to partial over-nutrition abnormalities in fat metabolism may occur, which may influence the health of the individual later on in life.

A Psycho-Educational Approach to Coping with Failure Amongst Pupils

1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Engel
Keyword(s):  
General Model ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Educational Approach ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Objective ◽  
The Individual

In this paper I hope to explain the reasons for developing a method to provide the individual with tools to cope with failure at an early stage of his life; additionally, the general principles of that method will be formulated. Obviously, the basic objective is ultimately aimed at conditioning the child's thinking towards development of different attitudes in relation to failure situations. Success of the method, in the long run, depends upon the repetition of similar techniques, at least during the first years of the child's schooling. Thus we tend to believe that if we ‘instil’ in the child the proposed way of relating, he will then be able to cope not only with failure in the future but also with pressures exerted by unskilled teachers in school, who may use failure as a threat. As an additional alternative there is proposed a general model of treating children who have not been trained at an earlier stage to deal with failure within the school framework.

scholarly journals Sustainable Geometric and Bio-Cultural/Cultural Models of Human Society: The Role of Non-Capitalist Cooperation in Times of Civilizational/Environmental Crisis

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
M. S. Sthel ◽  
J. G. R. Tostes ◽  
J. R. Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Equilateral Triangles ◽  
Footprint Area ◽  
The Individual

The Sustainable Complex Triangular Cells (SCTC) and bio-cultural/cultural models of human society are employed here. Regarding SCTC model, the cell areas represent the individual´s carbon footprint. Scalene triangles represent each individual in the present competitive standard (inward arrows). Equilateral triangles (outward arrows) are “summed” so as forming cooperative-hexagonal bodies leading to a collaborative model of society, reducing the total carbon footprint area as regard the formal analogous sum of each individual (inward) non-cooperative triangle. We particularly have focused on environmental global limits of the capitalist system, with SCTC modeling an accelerated global anti-ecological “scalenization” process from the 29 crisis to the present neoliberal stage of capitalism. Employing again the SCTC model, we describe and exemplify instable and short lifetime “islands” built up through evanescent local process of “cooperative equilateralization” (outward arrows) in the last 40 years. Such non-capitalist features were “mixed in” with competitive “scalenized” features of the capitalist “ocean”. In the final topic, we will consider bio-cultural (Nowak and Wilson) models of the human history and a cultural (Weber-Alberoni) model for great inflexions in the western history. All these models intersect via human cooperation. Particularly, that last model is complementary to the above small and instable “islands” sketch: but now we deal with western religious and secular, non- capitalist, purely cooperative experiences, which correspond to the above labeled SCTC “cooperative equilateralization”. Such weber-alberonian “islands” may be – some few times - sufficiently stable for rapid and great expansions leading, e.g., to a “civilizational/environmental jump” in the presently menaced planet.

An equilibrium displacement approach to analyzing the effects of tariff reduction on farmers’ profits

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeong-Il Ahn ◽  
Jeong-Bin Im
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Differential Forms ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Tariff Reduction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Equilibrium Displacement ◽  
Demand Equations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an equilibrium displacement model (EDM) that is able to evaluate the impacts of a free trade agreement (FTA) on the profits of farmers. Empirical applications of the developed EDM are performed for evaluating the influences of Korea-Chile FTA on the grape industry in Korea. Design/methodology/approach Supply and demand equations together with profit function of individual farmers are converted into log-differential forms that compose the EDM. The cost function of grape producers is estimated for deriving the parameters that are required in applying the developed EDM. Findings The share of profit within revenue and the elasticity of cost with respect to quantity in the cost function play key roles in assessing the change in farmers’ profit. The empirical assessment of the effects of Korea-Chile FTA indicates that this FTA has little impact on the Korean grape market and grape producers in Korea. Originality/value Usefulness of the existing EDM has been limited in evaluating the impacts of exogenous shocks on the individual farmer level. This paper fills this gap by developing an EDM that assesses the impacts of tariff reduction on farm-level profit.

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