scholarly journals Methods of plant root exudates analysis: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dundek ◽  
Ladislav Holík ◽  
Tomáš Rohlík ◽  
Ladislav Hromádko ◽  
Valerie Vranová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Electrophoresis Of Proteins

The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on methods being used to determine individual compounds and properties of water-soluble plant root exudates. These compounds include amino acids, organic acids and simple sugars, as well as polysaccharides, proteins and organic substances. Qualitative composition of water-soluble root exudates and exudation rate are commonly measured with the aim of consequent synthetic preparation of plant root exudates to be supplied to soil to create artificial rhizosphere for different experimental purposes. Root exudates collection usually requires consequent filtration or centrifugation to remove solids, root detritus and microbial cell debris, and consequent concentration using an evaporator, lyophilizator or ultrafiltration. Methods used for analysis of total groups of compounds (total proteins and total carbohydrates) and total organic carbon are simple. On the other hand, HPLC or GS/MS are commonly used to analyse individual low molecular weight organic molecules (sugars, organic acids and amino acids) with separation using different columns. Other properties such as pH, conductivity or activity of different enzymes as well as gel electrophoresis of proteins are sometimes assessed. All of these methods are discussed in this work.

scholarly journals Dominant amino acids, organic acids and sugars in water-soluble root exudates of C4 plants: a mini-review

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Vranová ◽  
Hana Kaňová ◽  
Klement Rejšek ◽  
Pavel Formánek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Organic Acids And Sugars

The aim of this mini-review was to identify the dominant carbohydrates, organic acids and amino ­acids in water-soluble root exudates of plants which represent dominant compounds there. The study is focused on plants of C4-type of metabolism taking into account available literature. From group of carbohydrates, those dominant are represented glucose, fructose, arabinose and sucrose. Between dominant amino acids occurring in root exudates of C4-metabolism plants are alanine, se­rine, arginine, glutamine, glutamic and aspartic acid, glycine, proline, cystine, lysine and g-aminobutyric acid. Citric, malic, tartaric, succinic, trans-aconitic represent the dominant organic acids. This knowledge may be useful for planning analyses of these compounds in root exudates of C4plants. Except for this preparation of synthetic root exudates to simulate rhizosphere of C4plants may be performed based on these results.

Water-soluble low-molecular-weight organic acids in automorphic loamy soils of the tundra and taiga zones

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 654-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Shamrikova ◽  
I. V. Gruzdev ◽  
V. V. Punegov ◽  
F. M. Khabibullina ◽  
O. S. Kubik
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Low Molecular Weight

scholarly journals Microalgae as a Source of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs); Advances and Future Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12402
Author(s):  
Subhisha Raj ◽  
Anusree M. Kuniyil ◽  
Arathi Sreenikethanam ◽  
Poornachandar Gugulothu ◽  
Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Short Generation Time ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Terrestrial Fungi

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), are secondary metabolites, first reported in 1960 and found to be associated with the light-stimulated sporulation in terrestrial fungi. MAAs are nitrogenous, low molecular weight, water soluble compounds, which are highly stable with cyclohexenone or cycloheximine rings to store the free radicals. Microalgae are considered as a good source of different kinds of MAAs, which, in turn, has its own application in various industries due to its UV absorbing, anti-oxidant and therapeutic properties. Microalgae can be easily cultivated and requires a very short generation time, which makes them environment friendly source of biomolecules such as mycosporine-like amino acids. Modifying the cultural conditions along withmanipulation of genes associated with mycosporine-like amino acids biosynthesis can help to enhance MAAs synthesis and, in turn, can make microalgae suitable bio-refinery for large scale MAAs production. This review focuses on properties and therapeutic applications of mycosporine like amino acids derived from microalgae. Further attention is drawn on various culture and genetic engineering approaches to enhance the MAAs production in microalgae.

scholarly journals Products of Metabolism and Processing of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Functional Ingredients

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonina Ivanovna Kapustian ◽  
Natalia Cherno ◽  
Alexei Kovalenko ◽  
Kristina Naumenko ◽  
Igor Kushnir
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Gel Chromatography

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria (BB) are unique substances that have a lot of biological and physiological effects. Structural components of LAB and BB – peptidoglycans, compounds of the muramylpeptide series, teichoic acids – have powerful immunological properties. Metabolites of LAB and BB – organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins, etc. – provide antagonistic activity, have an indirect impact on the immune system, reducing the antigenic load caused by pathogenic microorganisms. The expediency of peptidoglycans degradation of LAB and BB cell walls is substantiated. Low molecular weight products of the degradation can easily be absorbed and enter into biochemical processes, accelerating the expected functional-physiological effect. To obtain low-molecular products of peptidoglycans degradation, a combination of LAB and BB was used. The combination of LAB and BB is the sum of the test cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactococcus cremoris, Streptococcus termophilus. Destruction of peptidoglycans of bacterial cell walls was carried out using a combination of disintegrating factors. The efficiency of destruction was determined by the accumulation of low molecular weight peptides (with molecular weight up to 1500 Da), amino acids and soluble protein in the disintegrate. It has been established that the highest accumulation of low molecular weight degradation products occurs when using autolysis followed by enzymatic hydrolysis during 180 min with the ratio of the enzyme : substrate 1 : 100. At the same time ≈ 53% of protein substances pass from insoluble to soluble state. The molecular weight of the obtained products is determined by the gel chromatography method. The qualitative and quantitative content of organic acids, amino acids and vitamins of group В in the hydrolysis products composition was investigated. It was shown that the obtained product possesses high biological effect in the experiment on animals.

Generation of water-soluble organic acids from kerogen during hydrous pyrolysis: implications for porosity development

1987 ◽  
Vol 51 (362) ◽  
pp. 495-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. I. Eglinton ◽  
C. D. Curtis ◽  
S. J. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Secondary Porosity ◽  
Hydrous Pyrolysis ◽  
Kerogen Type ◽  
Artificial Maturation

AbstractConcentrations of organic acids ranging up to several thousand parts per million have previously been found in oil-field waters. These acids are of interest because of their potential to enhance porosity by the dissolution of carbonates and aluminosilicates. They are believed to be generated from organic geopolymers (kerogen) in the late-diagenetic-early-catagenetic stage of thermal maturation.During the course of artificial maturation experiments in which kerogens of varying type were heated in the presence of water (so-called ‘hydrous pyrolysis’) and different minerals, the distribution and abundance of low molecular weight water-soluble acids were determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Preliminary results suggest that significant quantities of mono- and di-carboxylic acids are produced during hydrous pyrolysis. The amounts and types of acid appear to vary as a function of kerogen type, maturity and mineralogy. Implications of these findings regarding the development of secondary porosity are discussed.

scholarly journals Low molecular weight organic acids in aerosol particles from Rondônia, Brazil, during the biomass-burning, transition and wet periods

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 6867-6907 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Falkovich ◽  
E. R. Graber ◽  
G. Schkolnik ◽  
Y. Rudich ◽  
W. Maenhaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Ionic Mass

Abstract. Particles from biomass burning and regional haze were sampled in Rondônia, Brazil, during dry, transition and wet periods from September to November 2002, as part of the LBA-SMOCC (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia – Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate) field campaign. Water soluble organic and inorganic compounds in bulk (High Volume and Stacked Filter Unit sampler) and size-resolved (Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor – MOUDI) smoke samples were determined by ion chromatography. It was found that low molecular weight polar organic acids account for a significant fraction of the water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in biomass burning aerosols (C2-C6 dicarboxylic acids reached up to 3.7% and one-ring aromatic acids reached up to 2% of fine fraction WSOC during burning period). Short dicarboxylic (C2-C6) acids are dominated by oxalic acid followed by malonic and succinic acids. The largest ionic species is ammonium sulfate (60–70% of ionic mass). It was found that most of the ionic mass is concentrated in submicrometer-sized particles. Based on the size distribution and correlations with K+, a known biomass burning tracer, it is suggested that many of the organic acids are directly emitted by vegetation fires. It is concluded that the dicarboxylic acids are mostly confined to the particulate phase, and no evidence for semi-volatile behavior was observed. Finally, it is shown that the distribution of water soluble species shifts to larger aerosols sizes as the aerosol population ages and mixes with other aerosol types in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals The effects of lead on photosynthesis, 14C distribution among photoassimilates and transpiration of maize seedlings

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy W. Poskuta ◽  
Eugeniusz Parys ◽  
Elżbieta Romanowska ◽  
Halina Gajdzis-Gujdan ◽  
Barbara Wróblewska
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbon Flow ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Photosynthetic Products ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Organic Acids And Sugars ◽  
Treatment Concentration

Roots of whole 3 week-old seedlings of maize were exposed for 24 h to a solution of PbCl<sub>2</sub>. The concentrations of Pb were: 0, 200, 400, 800, 1200, 2400 mg dm<sup>-3</sup>. The amount of Pb taken up by roots was independent of the concentration of this element in the medium. The Pb taken up by shoots increased linearly with increasing treatment concentration. Pb caused: concentration-dependent inhibition of photosynthesis (PS), transpiration (T), <sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> uptake and incorporation of label into photosynthetic products. The largest limitation by Pb of the flow of photoassimilated carbon occurred into starch and sugar phosphates. Among the water-soluble photoassimilates, the largest limitation of carbon flow occurred into organic acids and sugars and the smallest into amino acids.

Root Exudates From Eucalyptus calophylla R.Br. And Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Sm. Seedlings and Their Effect on Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Malajczuk ◽  
AJ Mccomb
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Chlamydospore Germination ◽  
Sampling Times

Root exudates from seedling eucalypts were collected aseptically, analysed for sugars, amino acids and organic acids and an examination made of their effect on zoospore chemotaxis, mycelium growth and chlamydospore germination of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Seedlings of root-rot susceptible Eucalyptus marginata produced greater concentrations of sugar and amino acid exudates than the root-rot resistant Eucalyptus calophylla at all sampling times. There was, however, little qualitative difference between the eucalypt root exudates. Both eucalypts attracted zoospores to roots in culture tubes. Infection of the roots followed encystment and germination of the zoospores. Germination of chlamydospores and mycelium growth of P.cinnamomi was significantly increased by the presence of root exudates and no differences were observed between exudates of the two species. Only amino acids and organic acids stimulated germination of chlamydospores. It was concluded that differences in root-rot susceptibility of eucalypts to P.cinnamomi are not attributable to differences in root exudate from eucalypt seedlings.

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