Microalgae as a Source of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs); Advances and Future Prospects

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), are secondary metabolites, first reported in 1960 and found to be associated with the light-stimulated sporulation in terrestrial fungi. MAAs are nitrogenous, low molecular weight, water soluble compounds, which are highly stable with cyclohexenone or cycloheximine rings to store the free radicals. Microalgae are considered as a good source of different kinds of MAAs, which, in turn, has its own application in various industries due to its UV absorbing, anti-oxidant and therapeutic properties. Microalgae can be easily cultivated and requires a very short generation time, which makes them environment friendly source of biomolecules such as mycosporine-like amino acids. Modifying the cultural conditions along withmanipulation of genes associated with mycosporine-like amino acids biosynthesis can help to enhance MAAs synthesis and, in turn, can make microalgae suitable bio-refinery for large scale MAAs production. This review focuses on properties and therapeutic applications of mycosporine like amino acids derived from microalgae. Further attention is drawn on various culture and genetic engineering approaches to enhance the MAAs production in microalgae.

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Low molecular weight organic acids in aerosol particles from Rondônia, Brazil, during the biomass-burning, transition and wet periods

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-4-6867-2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 6867-6907 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. H. Falkovich ◽

E. R. Graber ◽

G. Schkolnik ◽

Y. Rudich ◽

W. Maenhaut ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Biomass Burning ◽

Large Scale ◽

Inorganic Compounds ◽

Fine Fraction ◽

Dicarboxylic Acids ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Ionic Mass

Abstract. Particles from biomass burning and regional haze were sampled in Rondônia, Brazil, during dry, transition and wet periods from September to November 2002, as part of the LBA-SMOCC (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia – Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate) field campaign. Water soluble organic and inorganic compounds in bulk (High Volume and Stacked Filter Unit sampler) and size-resolved (Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor – MOUDI) smoke samples were determined by ion chromatography. It was found that low molecular weight polar organic acids account for a significant fraction of the water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in biomass burning aerosols (C2-C6 dicarboxylic acids reached up to 3.7% and one-ring aromatic acids reached up to 2% of fine fraction WSOC during burning period). Short dicarboxylic (C2-C6) acids are dominated by oxalic acid followed by malonic and succinic acids. The largest ionic species is ammonium sulfate (60–70% of ionic mass). It was found that most of the ionic mass is concentrated in submicrometer-sized particles. Based on the size distribution and correlations with K+, a known biomass burning tracer, it is suggested that many of the organic acids are directly emitted by vegetation fires. It is concluded that the dicarboxylic acids are mostly confined to the particulate phase, and no evidence for semi-volatile behavior was observed. Finally, it is shown that the distribution of water soluble species shifts to larger aerosols sizes as the aerosol population ages and mixes with other aerosol types in the atmosphere.

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Obtaining and estimating the potential of protein nutraceuticals from highly mineralized collagen-containing beef raw materials

Theory and practice of meat processing ◽

10.21323/2414-438x-2021-6-1-10-22 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 10-22

Author(s):

N. Yu. Mezenova ◽

S. V. Agafonova ◽

O. Ya. Mezenova ◽

L. S. Baidalinova ◽

T. Grimm

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Enzyme Preparations ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Mineralized Collagen

Highly mineralized collagen-containing beef raw materials (tibia, fibula and costal bones) are a source of valuable protein nutraceuticals. They include high molecular weight proteins, oligopeptides and amino acids, which anabolic and physiological potential is used insufficiently. Protein nutraceuticals were obtained by high-temperature hydrolysis of beef raw materials in combination with enzymolysis by proteolytic enzyme preparations Alcalase 2,5 L, Protamex, Protosubtilin G3x. The water-soluble fraction of hydrolysates was studied after its separation and freeze-drying on the content of nitrogenous compounds, fats, minerals, formol-titrated nitrogen, fractional molecular composition. The mathematical dependencies of accumulation of low molecular weight products of protein hydrolysis on enzymolysis duration and doses of different enzyme preparations were obtained. The rational technological scheme of complex processing of beef raw materials with production of protein, fat and mineral-protein additives was proposed. The protein weight fraction in the freeze-dried protein hydrolysates was 69.5–89.6%. All studied protein additives contained peptides with a molecular weight of not more than 100 kDa. The content of low-molecular weight oligopeptides with a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa in the protein additives obtained by enzymatic thermal hydrolysis was more than 90%. The amino acid composition of protein additives produced by different hydrolytic methods was analyzed. Sensory and functional-technological properties of freeze-dried protein compositions were studied. The amino acid potential, high assimilability and physiological activity of protein nutraceuticals from collagen-containing beef raw materials were established. It is recommended to use them in the composition of specialized biologically active additives (BAAs) to food of the osteotropic direction in recipes of specialized and personalized products as a source of amino acids and active peptides.

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Methods of plant root exudates analysis: a review

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201159030241 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 241-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Peter Dundek ◽

Ladislav Holík ◽

Tomáš Rohlík ◽

Ladislav Hromádko ◽

Valerie Vranová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Root Exudates ◽

Organic Molecules ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Plant Root ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Total Carbohydrates ◽

Electrophoresis Of Proteins

The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on methods being used to determine individual compounds and properties of water-soluble plant root exudates. These compounds include amino acids, organic acids and simple sugars, as well as polysaccharides, proteins and organic substances. Qualitative composition of water-soluble root exudates and exudation rate are commonly measured with the aim of consequent synthetic preparation of plant root exudates to be supplied to soil to create artificial rhizosphere for different experimental purposes. Root exudates collection usually requires consequent filtration or centrifugation to remove solids, root detritus and microbial cell debris, and consequent concentration using an evaporator, lyophilizator or ultrafiltration. Methods used for analysis of total groups of compounds (total proteins and total carbohydrates) and total organic carbon are simple. On the other hand, HPLC or GS/MS are commonly used to analyse individual low molecular weight organic molecules (sugars, organic acids and amino acids) with separation using different columns. Other properties such as pH, conductivity or activity of different enzymes as well as gel electrophoresis of proteins are sometimes assessed. All of these methods are discussed in this work.

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Participation of stem and ear photosynthesis in formation of the crop and its quality in wheat

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20202301001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 01001

Author(s):

Vladimir I. Chikov ◽

Guzel A. Akhtyamova

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Flag Leaf ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Short Exposure ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Total Proteins ◽

Low Molecular Weight Compounds ◽

The Difference ◽

Triton X

Photosynthesis of various organs and their contribution to formation of ear caryopsis were measured using14CO2 labeled carbon in the phase of caryopsis formation of spring wheat plants (Moskovskaya-35). It turned out that inclusion of14C into amino acids is more than twice as high in photosynthesis of an ear. Among labeled low molecular weight compounds in caryopsis, during a short exposure (2 hours) after photosynthesis, the most of the labeled carbon in the14CO2 was found from the photoassimilates of the flag leaf (70.4%); from the ear (55.8%), and the least – from the stem under the flag (41.5%). The difference in inclusion of14C into the caryopsis’ total proteins was observed only with a short exposure of the photosynthesizing organ (2 hours). Water-soluble proteins, as products of photosynthesis of the flag leaf, were synthesized for the most in the caryopsis (flag – 73.9%; stem – 46.4% and ear – 44.8%), and in the synthesis of complex proteins, which are soluble in alkali and Triton X-100, most of14C was from the products of photosynthesis of non-leaf organs (10.5; 21.5; 28.4 and 4.3; 12.5; 13.4), respectively.

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Potential Metal Chelating Ability of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids: A Computational Research

10.21203/rs.3.rs-657747/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tereza Varnali ◽

Mert Bozoflu ◽

Hüseyin Şengönül ◽

Seher İ. Kurt

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Compatible Solutes ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Binding Affinities ◽

Metal Chelating ◽

Structural Differences ◽

Chelating Ability ◽

Computational Research ◽

Model Structures

Abstract Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are low molecular-weight (<400 Da) water soluble secondary metabolites that are attributed many functions such as antioxidants, compatible solutes, nitrogen reservoirs and especially, photostable UV-protectants. Recently, they are attracting attention due to their biotechnological and industrial potential for anti-aging and wound healing properties as well. In this study, we explored the metal chelating capacity of selected MAAs ( 4-deoxygadusol, mycosporine-glycine, mycosporine-taurine, palythine, poryphyra-334, shinorine, mycosporine-2-glycine and euhalothece-362) making use of dft calculations. We report model structures of ferrous and ferric ion-MAA complexes and their binding affinities in relation to their structural differences and multiple sites available for chelation on the MAAs. We also investigated calcium ion complexes for mycosporine-glycine, shinorine, porphyra-334 and mycosporine-2-glycine. Our findings support previous suggestions made to explain some experimental results obtained in earlier studies on MAAs. Lastly, we briefly mention the findings in the context of early life and hence relevance to astrobiology.

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Exogenous Directing Group Free, Ligand-Enabled gamma-C(sp3)–H Arylation of Free Primary Aliphatic Amines and α-Amino Esters

10.26434/chemrxiv.11301017 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yongzheng Ding ◽

Shuai Fan ◽

Xiaoxi Chen ◽

yuzhen gao ◽

Gang Li

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Large Scale ◽

Free Ligand ◽

Aliphatic Amines ◽

Rapid Synthesis ◽

Amino Esters ◽

Directing Group ◽

Large Scale Synthesis ◽

Primary Aliphatic Amines

A Pdᴵᴵ-catalyzed, ligand-enabled gamma-C(sp3)–H arylation of free primary aliphatic amines and amino esters without using an exogenous directing group is reported. This reaction is compatible with unhindered free aliphatic amines, and it is also be applicable to the rapid synthesis of biologically and synthetically valuable unnatural α-amino acids. Large scale synthesis is also feasible using this method.<br>

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ANALISA KANDUNGAN BETA-GLUKAN LARUT AIR DAN LARUT ALKALI DARI TUBUH BUAH JAMUR TIRAM (Pleurotus ostreatus) DAN SHIITAKE (Lentinus edodes)

Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia ◽

10.29122/jsti.v13i3.894 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Netty Widyastuti ◽

Teguh Baruji ◽

Henky Isnawan ◽

Priyo Wahyudi ◽

Donowati Donowati

Keyword(s):

Molecular Structure ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Immune System ◽

Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Lentinus Edodes ◽

Beta Glucan ◽

Oyster Mushrooms ◽

The Difference

Beta glucan is a polysaccharide compound, generally not soluble inwater and resistant to acid. Beta glucan is used as an immunomodulator (enhancing the immune system) in mammals is usually a beta-glucan soluble in water, easily absorbed and has a low molecular weight. Several example of beta-glucan such as cellulose (β-1 ,4-glucan), lentinan (β-1 0.6-glucan) and (β-1 ,3-glucan), pleuran (β-1, 6 and β-1 ,3-glucan) are isolated from species of fungi Basidiomycota include mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes).The purpose of thisresearch activity is to obtain beta-glucan compound that can be dissolved in water and in alkali derived from fungi Basidiomycota, i.e, Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). The result of beta-glucan compared to characterize the resulting beta glucan that is molecular structure . The difference of beta glucan extraction is based on the differences in solubility of beta-glucan. Beta glucan could be water soluble and insoluble water.

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Enzymatic Synthesis of 15N-L-aspartic Acid Using Recombinant Aspartase from Escherichia Coli K12

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.08.11.2004 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 59 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Iulia Lupan ◽

Sergiu Chira ◽

Maria Chiriac ◽

Nicolae Palibroda ◽

Octavian Popescu

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Aspartic Acid ◽

Enzymatic Synthesis ◽

Large Scale ◽

Recombinant Dna ◽

Industrial Enzymes ◽

Recombinant Dna Technology ◽

Bacterial Fermentation ◽

Natural Protein ◽

Novel Method

Amino acids are obtained by bacterial fermentation, extraction from natural protein or enzymatic synthesis from specific substrates. With the introduction of recombinant DNA technology, it has become possible to apply more rational approaches to enzymatic synthesis of amino acids. Aspartase (L-aspartate ammonia-lyase) catalyzes the reversible deamination of L-aspartic acid to yield fumaric acid and ammonia. It is one of the most important industrial enzymes used to produce L-aspartic acid on a large scale. Here we described a novel method for [15N] L-aspartic synthesis from fumarate and ammonia (15NH4Cl) using a recombinant aspartase.

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