scholarly journals Reciprocal Ia inhibition contributes to motoneuronal hyperpolarisation during the inactive phase of locomotion and scratching in the cat

2010 ◽  
Vol 589 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Geertsen ◽  
K. Stecina ◽  
C. F. Meehan ◽  
J. B. Nielsen ◽  
H. Hultborn
Keyword(s):  
Ia Inhibition ◽  
Inactive Phase

scholarly journals Effect of a Neuropeptide Gene on Behavioral States in Caenorhabditis elegans Egg-Laying

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 1181-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E Waggoner ◽  
Laura Anne Hardaker ◽  
Steven Golik ◽  
William R Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Sensory Cues ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Inactive State ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Behavioral States ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Egg-laying behavior in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans involves fluctuation between alternative behavioral states: an inactive state, during which eggs are retained in the uterus, and an active state, during which eggs are laid in bursts. We have found that the flp-1 gene, which encodes a group of structurally related neuropeptides, functions specifically to promote the switch from the inactive to the active egg-laying state. Recessive mutations in flp-1 caused a significant increase in the duration of the inactive phase, yet egg-laying within the active phase was normal. This pattern resembled that previously observed in mutants defective in the biosynthesis of serotonin, a neuromodulator implicated in induction of the active phase. Although flp-1 mutants were sensitive to stimulation of egg-laying by serotonin, the magnitude of their serotonin response was abnormally low. Thus, the flp-1-encoded peptides and serotonin function most likely function in concert to facilitate the onset of the active egg-laying phase. Interestingly, we observed that flp-1 is necessary for animals to down-regulate their rate of egg-laying in the absence of food. Because flp-1 is known to be expressed in interneurons that are postsynaptic to a variety of chemosensory cells, the FLP-1 peptides may function to regulate the activity of the egg-laying circuitry in response to sensory cues.

scholarly journals Tropical cyclone contribution to extreme rainfall over southwest Pacific Island nations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Deo ◽  
Savin S. Chand ◽  
Hamish Ramsay ◽  
Neil J. Holbrook ◽  
Simon McGree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Southwest Pacific ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Pacific Island Nations

AbstractSouthwest Pacific nations are among some of the worst impacted and most vulnerable globally in terms of tropical cyclone (TC)-induced flooding and accompanying risks. This study objectively quantifies the fractional contribution of TCs to extreme rainfall (hereafter, TC contributions) in the context of climate variability and change. We show that TC contributions to extreme rainfall are substantially enhanced during active phases of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and by El Niño conditions (particularly over the eastern southwest Pacific region); this enhancement is primarily attributed to increased TC activity during these event periods. There are also indications of increasing intensities of TC-induced extreme rainfall events over the past few decades. A key part of this work involves development of sophisticated Bayesian regression models for individual island nations in order to better understand the synergistic relationships between TC-induced extreme rainfall and combinations of various climatic drivers that modulate the relationship. Such models are found to be very useful for not only assessing probabilities of TC- and non-TC induced extreme rainfall events but also evaluating probabilities of extreme rainfall for cases with different underlying climatic conditions. For example, TC-induced extreme rainfall probability over Samoa can vary from ~ 95 to ~ 75% during a La Niña period, if it coincides with an active or inactive phase of the MJO, and can be reduced to ~ 30% during a combination of El Niño period and inactive phase of the MJO. Several other such cases have been assessed for different island nations, providing information that have potentially important implications for planning and preparing for TC risks in vulnerable Pacific Island nations.

The Daily Rhythm of Activity of the Cockroach, Blatta Orientalis L

1940 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. GUNN
Keyword(s):  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Continuous Darkness ◽  
Daily Cycle ◽  
Blatta Orientalis ◽  
Physical Stimuli ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Main Activity

1. In an aktograph at 25.5°C., at upwards of 75% relative humidity and with food present, the average locomotory activity of the cockroach per day does not depend on whether there is continuous light for weeks, or continuous darkness, or a daily alternation of light and darkness. 2. When temperature and humidity do not vary during the day and other factors are kept as constant as possible, the cockroach's activity can be largely concentrated into any desired half of the day, simply by suitably adjusting the time of onset of the half-day's darkness. A rhythm can thus be set up, so that the main activity occurs at the same hours each day. 3. This activity rhythm persists for some days in continuous light or continuous darkness, but eventually activity becomes much more evenly spread over the whole day, leaving only a slight residual rhythm which is unrelated to the previous conspicuous one. A new conspicuous rhythm can then be started at once by alternation of light and darkness. 4. There are indications that animal responses to physical stimuli may depend to a considerable extent on whether the animal is in the active or the inactive phase of its daily cycle. A method is suggested for making it possible to study the nocturnal phase during the daytime.

scholarly journals Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Yamanashi ◽  
Kei Nemoto ◽  
Josue Alejandro
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Slow Loris ◽  
The Social ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
High Level ◽  
Social Management

Little is known about the social behavior of pygmy slow lorises, in particular, the social relationships of same sex individuals have rarely been investigated. The Slow Loris Conservation Centre was built at the Japan Monkey Centre to enhance the welfare of confiscated slow lorises, promote their conservation, improve public education and perform scientific research on the species. In the course of improving housing conditions, several same-sex pairs of pygmy slow lorises were formed. We monitored their behaviors and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) levels to understand whether male same sex pairings could be a feasible management strategy. The subjects were 10 male and 6 female lorises for comparison, all of whom were over five years old. We successfully formed five pairs of male lorises after eight formation attempts. Male pairs initially showed some aggressive behaviors; however, the rate decreased approximately 10 days after introduction. All of the male pairs eventually exhibited extensive affiliative social behaviors, including allogrooming and social play, during the dark (active) phase, and sleep site sharing during the light (inactive) phase. The rate of sleep site sharing during the light phase was higher than expected, suggesting that the pairs preferred to stay near each other. There was no evidence of increased stress after a long period of male male social housing. Female same sex pairs and male female pairs demonstrated a high level of affiliative behaviors right after introduction. These results highlight the flexibility and high sociability of this species and indicate that such same sex pairings are a feasible option for their social management.

Reciprocal Ia Inhibition

2012 ◽  
pp. 178-213
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Pierrot-Deseilligny ◽  
David Burke
Keyword(s):  
Ia Inhibition

Adaptive Motion and Force Control of Robots Performing a Complete Task

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhakar R. Pagilla ◽  
Biao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Force Control ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Free Motion ◽  
Constrained Motion ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
Adaptive Motion ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Three Phases

Abstract In this work, we consider adaptive motion and force control of a robot performing a complete task. By a complete task we mean that the robot desired task contains both free motion and constrained motion. Further, we also consider transition from free motion to constrained motion. We divide the motion of the robot into three phases: (i) inactive phase, where the robot is in free motion, (ii) transition phase, where the transition from free motion to constrained motion takes place, and (iii) active phase, where the robot is in constrained motion with simultaneous force and position control. Uncertainty of the constraint results in the impact of robot with the constraint surface when transition from free motion to constrained motion. We design stable control laws for the three phases that results in an efficient algorithm for robots performing a complete task. Extensive experiments are conducted to show the validity of the proposed control designs.

Paget Disease

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Peter J. Haar
Keyword(s):  
Older Patients ◽  
Pathologic Fracture ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Cortical Thickening ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Paget Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Imaging ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Focal Zone ◽  
Sarcomatous Degeneration

Chapter 73 discusses Paget disease, which is a progressive bone disease of excessive bone turnover and abnormal, disordered bone remodeling. Paget disease generally affects older patients. Paget disease has an initial active phase with a focal zone of osteolysis and an inactive phase with bone enlargement, trabecular coarsening, and cortical thickening. The diagnosis of Paget disease is usually made with radiographs, though cross-sectional imaging can be useful for early diagnosis in the skull and spine. Rare complications of Paget disease include neural impingement and sarcomatous degeneration. Treatment is provided with medical therapy and surgical treatment of pathologic fracture or prophylactic fixation.

Responses of adult newts (Amphibia: Urodele) to x rays

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Algard ◽  
G. B. Friedmann ◽  
H. M. McCurdy
Keyword(s):  
Active Phase ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Taricha Granulosa ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
Inactive Phase

Adult Taricha granulosa are relatively radioresistant in both their active (summer and spring) and inactive (winter) phases. Animals exposed to doses between 2700 and 3600 rads in their inactive phase died between 80 and 107 days post irradiation. Animals irradiated with similar doses in their active phase died between 40 and 75 days post irradiation. Some observations relating to changes in pigmentation are discussed.

scholarly journals Time matters: pathological effects of repeated psychosocial stress during the active, but not inactive, phase of male mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 215 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela S Bartlang ◽  
Inga D Neumann ◽  
David A Slattery ◽  
Nicole Uschold-Schmidt ◽  
Dominik Kraus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Preference ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Light Phase ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Repeated Restraint Stress ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Home Cage Activity

Recent findings in rats indicated that the physiological consequences of repeated restraint stress are dependent on the time of day of stressor exposure. To investigate whether this is also true for clinically more relevant psychosocial stressors and whether repeated stressor exposure during the light phase or dark phase is more detrimental for an organism, we exposed male C57BL/6 mice to social defeat (SD) across 19 days either in the light phase between Zeitgeber time (ZT)1 and ZT3 (SDL mice) or in the dark phase between ZT13 and ZT15 (SDD mice). While SDL mice showed a prolonged increase in adrenal weight and an attenuated adrenal responsiveness to ACTHin vitroafter stressor termination, SDD mice showed reduced dark phase home-cage activity on observation days 7, 14, and 20, flattening of the diurnal corticosterone rhythm, lack of social preference, and higherin vitroIFNγ secretion from mesenteric lymph node cells on day 20/21. Furthermore, the colitis-aggravating effect of SD was more pronounced in SDD than SDL mice following dextran sulfate sodium treatment. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that repeated SD effects on behavior, physiology, and immunology strongly depend on the time of day of stressor exposure. Whereas physiological parameters were more affected by SD during the light/inactive phase of mice, behavioral and immunological parameters were more affected by SD during the dark phase. Our results imply that repeated daily SD exposure has a more negative outcome when applied during the dark/active phase. By contrast, the minor physiological changes seen in SDL mice might represent beneficial adaptations preventing the formation of those maladaptive consequences.

scholarly journals Sleep homeostasis during daytime food entrainment in mice

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C Northeast ◽  
Yige Huang ◽  
Laura E McKillop ◽  
David A Bechtold ◽  
Stuart N Peirson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Inactive Phase ◽  
Sleep Drive ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Food Seeking ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Twenty-four hour rhythms of physiology and behavior are driven by the environment and an internal endogenous timing system. Daily restricted feeding (RF) in nocturnal rodents during their inactive phase initiates food anticipatory activity (FAA) and a reorganization of the typical 24-hour sleep–wake structure. Here, we investigate the effects of daytime feeding, where food access was restricted to 4 hours during the light period ZT4-8 (Zeitgeber time; ZT0 is lights on), on sleep–wake architecture and sleep homeostasis in mice. Following 10 days of RF, mice were returned to ad libitum feeding. To mimic the spontaneous wakefulness associated with FAA and daytime feeding, mice were then sleep deprived between ZT3-6. Although the amount of wake increased during FAA and subsequent feeding, total wake time over 24 hours remained stable as the loss of sleep in the light phase was compensated for by an increase in sleep in the dark phase. Interestingly, sleep that followed spontaneous wake episodes during the dark period and the extended period of wake associated with FAA, exhibited lower levels of slow-wave activity (SWA) when compared to baseline or after sleep deprivation, despite a similar duration of waking. This suggests an evolutionary mechanism of reducing sleep drive during negative energy balance to enable greater arousal for food-seeking behaviors. However, the total amount of sleep and SWA accumulated during the 24 hours was similar between baseline and RF. In summary, our study suggests that despite substantial changes in the daily distribution and quality of wake induced by RF, sleep homeostasis is maintained.

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