The International Space Station

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Chris Nie
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Moon ◽  
New Era ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Race ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Technical Details

A new era of spaceflight dawned following the conclusion of the United States and Russian space race. This new era has been marked by the design, assembly, and operation of one of the greatest engineering feats mankind has accomplished, the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS is comprised of hundreds of thousands of kilograms of material built on the ground and transported to space for assembly. It houses an artificial atmosphere to sustain life in outer space and has been continually inhabited for over 15 years. This chapter describes the technical complexity of the ISS, the background of how it was assembled, its major systems, details of crew life onboard, commercial usage of the resource, and examples of mishaps that have occurred during the ISS's operation. The technical details of the ISS provide a glimpse into what future space stations that might orbit the Moon and Mars will resemble.

A Framework for Multinational Medical Support for the International Space Station: A Model for Exploration

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Charles R. Doarn ◽  
James D. Polk ◽  
Anatoli Grigoriev ◽  
Jean-Marc Comtois ◽  
Kazuhito Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Medical Certification

INTRODUCTION: In the 1990s, Canada, member states of the European Space Agency, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the United States entered into an international agreement Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station. Among the many unique infrastructure challenges, partners were to develop a comprehensive international medical system and related processes to enable crew medical certification and medical support for all phases of missions, in a framework to support a multilateral space program of unprecedented size, scope, and degree of integration. During the Shuttle/Mir Program, physicians and specialized experts from the United States and Russia studied prototype systems and developed and operated collaborative mechanisms. The 1998 NASA Memoranda of Understanding with each of the other four partners established the Multilateral Medial Policy Board, the Multilateral Space Medicine Board, and the Multilateral Medical Operations Panel as medical authority bodies to ensure International Space Station (ISS) crew health and performance. Since 1998, the medical system of the ISS Program has ensured health and excellent performance of the international crewsan essential prerequisite for the construction and operation of the ISSand prevented mission-impacting medical events and adverse health outcomes. As the ISS is completing its second decade of crewed operation, it is prudent to appraise its established medical framework for its utility moving forward in new space exploration initiatives. Not only the ISS Program participants, but other nations and space agencies as well, concomitant with commercial endeavors in human spaceflight, can benefit from this evidence for future human exploration programs.Doarn CR, Polk JD, Grigoriev A, Comtois J-M, Shimada K, Weerts G, Dervay JP, Taddeo TA, Sargsyan A. A framework for multinational medical support for the International Space Station: a model for exploration. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):129134.

Making Space for Islam: Religion, Science, and Politics in Contemporary Malaysia

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1143-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren C. Zook
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
International Space ◽  
Science And Politics ◽  
Cooperative Venture

In October 2007, Malaysia celebrated sending its first astronaut into space, as part of a cooperative venture on board a Russian space mission. As Malaysia's first astronaut was a Muslim, the Malaysian government commissioned, through its Department of Islamic Development, a project to create a definitive set of guidelines for the practice of Islam in outer space, specifically on board the International Space Station. What may on the surface appear to be a practical exercise in clarifying religious practice reveals upon closer examination to be a complex restructuring of Malaysia's domestic and international politics, with the role of Islam as the catalytic and somewhat controversial centerpiece.

NASA sets sights on private space stations

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Private Space ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Space ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
Corporate Clients

Subject Space stations. Significance As Washington returns its sights to the moon, it is reforming its policies regarding the International Space Station (ISS) with a view to jump-starting a 'low-earth orbit economy' in which private firms offer services to corporate clients, foreign governments and wealthy individuals. Impacts China's space station, due for completion in 2022, could draw third-country projects away from commercial US space stations. Governments are more promising clients for commercial crewed spaceflight than 'space tourists' are. Commercial stations and passenger spacecraft could make human spaceflight accessible to allied states. Spaceflight will remain politicised.

Art in the Space Age: Exploring the Relationship between Outer Space and Earth Space

Leonardo ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-276
Author(s):  
Takuro Osaka
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Space Station ◽  
International Space ◽  
Earth Space ◽  
Space Art ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Micro Gravity

The author's interest in Space Art has taken several forms, including project proposals for the effective use of the International Space Station, research on the theme of the possibility of art in outer space, and conducting interviews with astronauts. He has also performed experiments in a micro-gravity environment generated by parabolic flight. This article provides an account of his plans and the results of these experiments.

scholarly journals Sapnis par kosmosa bagātībām – vai kosmosa resursu ieguve ir likumīga?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lūcija Strauta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Commercial Exploitation ◽  
International Space ◽  
National Space ◽  
Space Law ◽  
Celestial Bodies

The paper assesses whether the national legal framework of the United States, Luxembourg and the United Arab Emirates, which stipulates that space resources can be privately owned, and legalizes the acquisition of space resources for commercial purposes, complies with international space law. The article analyses the scope of space use delineated by the 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies and 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, as well as the subsequent national practices after the entry into force of these agreements, national space law, national policies and public statements. The aim of the analysis is to determine whether international space law contains a prohibition of the extraction and commercial exploitation of space resources. The study evaluates national comprehensions of the space law content with regard to the freedom to use space. It yields a conclusion that there is no absolute ban on the commercial exploitation of space resources under international space law.

scholarly journals Extending Humanity’s Reach: A Public-Private Framework for Space Exploration

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-98
Author(s):  
Jack B. Chaben
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Space Race ◽  
The Cold War

The Cold War initiated not only rapid weaponization campaigns within the United States and the Soviet Union, but launched a space race between the ideological opponents. The Soviet Union claimed an early victory by becoming the first nation to launch a satellite into space. Despite the United States' rough start, the country triumphed during its Apollo Program to become the leader in space. Treaties and international norms emerged throughout this time to prevent these technologically raging nations from weaponizing the expansive environment of outer space, but the resulting protections against national ownership of space limited incentives for future deep space travel. As the U.S. Space Shuttle program came to an end in 2011, the United States forfeit its capabilities to transport humans to the International Space Station. This apparent abandonment of outer space, however, began to reveal the seminal role of the commercial space industry and its revolutionary technologies. This article traces the transition from the Cold War-era space race to today’s robust public-private expansion into space. It highlights the foundational importance of international cooperation to protect the interests of private companies, and presents a model of cooperative succession between space agencies and companies to send humans to Mars.

scholarly journals The Return of Manned Missions

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (07) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Chitra Sethi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Suits ◽  
And Training

The United States space program has been without a launch vehicle for human spaceflight since 2011. That was when the space shuttle Atlantis returned on its final flight. Since then, NASA has relied on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft to take its astronauts to the International Space Station. However, if all goes to plan this could soon change, as two private companies are working with NASA to launch the first astronauts into orbit. The companies, SpaceX and Boeing, are building crew capsules and rockets, designing space suits, and training astronauts to fly these new vehicles into space.

scholarly journals A methodology for research in space archaeology: The International Space Station Archaeological Project

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Walsh ◽  
Alice C. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Mission Design ◽  
International Space ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Archaeological Project

Space archaeology is a sub-field of contemporary archaeology that studies the material culture associated with human activity in outer space. Until recently, archaeologists faced significant obstacles to performing research on sites in space, due to both costs and inaccessibility. The International Space Station Archaeological Project (ISSAP) has developed new methods based on creative re-imaginings of traditional archaeological practices. As well as contributing to future mission design, research on human habitations in space can open new perspectives on human action in terrestrial environments, such as the effect of gravity.

scholarly journals A first approximation of population distributions on the International Space Station

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Walsh ◽  
Rao Hamza Ali ◽  
Alice C. Gorman ◽  
Amir Kanan Kashefi
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
International Space ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Future Space ◽  
First Time ◽  
Space Habitat

This article presents an analysis of data derived from thousands of publicly available photographs showing life on the International Space Station (ISS) between 2000 and 2020. The analysis uses crew and locational information from the photographs to identify the distribution of different population groups - by gender, nationality, and space agency affiliation - across modules of ISS for the first time. Given the importance of ISS as the most intensively-inhabited space habitat to date, an international cooperative initiative involving 26 countries and five space agencies, and one of the most expensive building projects ever undertaken by humans, developing an understanding of which people are using different parts of the space station is critical for future usage of this and other stations. This study also sheds light on problems faced by future space station designers who are concerned with optimal usage of their habitats.

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