Solar Disinfection Kinetic Design Parameters for Continuous Flow Reactors

2005 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence W. Gill ◽  
Orlaith A. McLoughlin
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Inactivation Kinetics ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactors ◽  
K 12

The main UV dose-related kinetic parameters influencing solar disinfection have been investigated for the design of a continuous flow reactor suitable for a village-scale water treatment system. The sensitivities of different pathogenic microorganisms under solar light in batch processes have been compared in order to define their relative disinfection kinetics with E. coli used as a baseline organism. Dose inactivation kinetics have been calculated for small scale disinfection systems operating under different conditions such as reflector type, flow rate, process type, photocatalytic enhancement, and temperature enhancement using E. coli K-12 as a model bacterium. Solar disinfection was shown to be successful in all experiments with a slight improvement in the disinfection kinetic found when a fixed TiO2 photocatalyst was placed in the reactor. There was also evidence that the photocatalytic mechanism prevented regrowth in the post-irradiation environment. A definite synergistic solar UV∕temperature effect was noticed at a temperature of 45°C. The disinfection kinetics for E. coli in continuous flow reactors have been investigated with respect to various reflector shapes and flow regimes by carrying out a series of experiments under natural sunlight. Finally, photocatalytic and temperature enhancements to the continuous flow process have been evaluated.

scholarly journals Diels–Alder reactions of myrcene using intensified continuous-flow reactors

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian H Hornung ◽  
Miguel Á Álvarez-Diéguez ◽  
Thomas M Kohl ◽  
John Tsanaktsidis
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Alder Reaction ◽  
Diels Alder ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Diels Alder Reaction ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactors

This work describes the Diels–Alder reaction of the naturally occurring substituted butadiene, myrcene, with a range of different naturally occurring and synthetic dienophiles. The synthesis of the Diels–Alder adduct from myrcene and acrylic acid, containing surfactant properties, was scaled-up in a plate-type continuous-flow reactor with a volume of 105 mL to a throughput of 2.79 kg of the final product per day. This continuous-flow approach provides a facile alternative scale-up route to conventional batch processing, and it helps to intensify the synthesis protocol by applying higher reaction temperatures and shorter reaction times.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol from Furfural: A Comparison between Batch and Continuous Flow Reactors

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maïté Audemar ◽  
Yantao Wang ◽  
Deyang Zhao ◽  
Sébastien Royer ◽  
François Jérôme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactors ◽  
Space Time Yield ◽  
The Stability

Furfural is a platform molecule obtained from hemicellulose. Among the products that can be produced from furfural, furfuryl alcohol is one of the most extensively studied. It is synthesized at an industrial scale in the presence of CuCr catalyst, but this process suffers from an environmental negative impact. Here, we demonstrate that a non-noble metal catalyst (Co/SiO2) was active (100% conversion of furfural) and selective (100% selectivity to furfuryl alcohol) in the hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol at 150 °C under 20 bar of hydrogen. This catalyst was recyclable up to 3 cycles, and then the activity decreased. Thus, a comparison between batch and continuous flow reactors shows that changing the reactor type helps to increase the stability of the catalyst and the space-time yield. This study shows that using a continuous flow reactor can be a solution to the catalyst suffering from a lack of stability in the batch process.

Population Dynamics of Phenol Degrading Microorganisms in Activated Sludge Process under the Stress of Phenolic Wastewater

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 1001-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Okada ◽  
T. Nakamura ◽  
H. Ito ◽  
A. Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Shock Loading ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactor ◽  
Phenolic Wastewater ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactors

The process to gain and lose phenol degrading activity of activated sludge under different stress of phenol was studied by three types of operations, i.e. continuous flow reactor, aerobic SBR, and anaerobic/aerobic SBR under two types of loads, i.e. elevating and constant loads. The higher activity and tolerance under the higher concentration of phenol was gained in activated sludge of aerobic SBR under the constant high load. The higher phenolic stress, i.e. mixed liquor concentration of phenol, at the beginning of batch cycles seemed to increase the activity. Constant and low phenolic stress in continuous flow reactors and elevating load in SBR, however, could not build up tolerance and the higher degrading activity under the higher concentration of phenol. SBR operations which are able to give appropriate phenolic stress on activated sludge, even under the same daily loading of phenol as continuous flow reactor, would be preferable to build up and maintain the activity and to ensure stable operation of wastewater treatment even under shock loading. The degrading activity of activated sludge may be gained mainly by the increase in the ability of bacteria to degrade and tolerate phenol and not by the increase in population.

scholarly journals Solvent Resistant O2 Sensor Integrated in Pressured Flow Reactors

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (13) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
Philipp Sulzer ◽  
René Lebl ◽  
Torsten Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Oxygen Sensor ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Optical Oxygen Sensor ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactors

In this contribution we present an optical oxygen sensor that can easily be integrated into continuous flow reactors. The sensors are pressure resistant to up to 8 bars and are able to continuously measure oxygen for several hours in organic solvents. The dynamic range was evaluated up to 42 mmol/L O2 and several calibrations showed the sensors to perform linearly according to Stern-Volmer, which allows convenient two-point calibrations. By using state-of-the-art HPLC connectors and materials the sensor can be implemented at virtually every point of a standard flow reactor. Readout is conducted via a 4-channel USB phase fluorimeter.

Solar disinfection for the post-treatment of greywater by means of a continuous flow reactor

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1178-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Pansonato ◽  
Marcos V. G. Afonso ◽  
Carlos A. Salles ◽  
Marc Á. Boncz ◽  
Paula L. Paulo
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Solar Radiation Intensity

SODIS (solar disinfection) is a low-cost alternative for water decontamination. The method is based on the exposure of water, contained in PET bottles, to direct sunlight, and mainly its UV-A and infrared components. The present research studied SODIS as a low cost alternative for the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in treated greywater, aiming at its reuse for more noble applications. Experiments were performed in (i) batch mode (2 L PET-bottles), testing the effect of turbidity on system efficiency and, (ii) in a continuous pilot-scale reactor prototype (51 L, using interconnected 2 L-PET bottles), testing hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18 and 24 h. Samples were exposed to an average solar radiation intensity of 518 W/m2. The results obtained indicate that the SODIS system has potential for total coliforms and E. coli inactivation in the pre-treated greywater, reaching 2.1 log units E. coli inactivation in batch experiments for low turbidity samples (21 NTU), and >2 log units inactivation of total coliforms (and E. coli, when present) for the 24 h HRT-continuous prototype. The continuous flow prototype needs more testing and structural improvements to cope with the difficulties posed by algae growth, as they complicate maintaining conditions of constant flow and make frequent maintenance inevitable.

Continuous flow reactors: a perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Wiles ◽  
Paul Watts
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactors

Synthesis of Tailored Segmented Polyurethanes Utilizing Continuous-Flow Reactors and Real-Time Process Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xabier Lopez de Pariza ◽  
Tim Erdmann ◽  
Pedro L. Arrechea ◽  
Leron Perez ◽  
Charles Dausse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Process Monitoring ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Time Process ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Segmented Polyurethanes ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactors

Functional Group Interconversion Reactions in Continuous Flow Reactors

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Leslie ◽  
Angel Maria Joseph ◽  
Marcus Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Modern Synthesis ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Flow Synthesis ◽  
Specific Reaction ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactors ◽  
Flow Techniques

: An overview of the current uptake of continuous flow techniques for various functional group interconversion reactions is presented. Besides highlighting a variety of prominent examples and their main features, this review provides insights into specific reaction classes, such as oxidations, reductions, rearrangements as well as different C-H functionalization processes. While this review can only include key examples from the last decade, the reader will find a solid foundation of important transformations along with further references to inform and appreciate the opportunities arising from modern synthesis technologies such as flow synthesis.

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