Cycle-Dependent and Time-Dependent Bone Fracture With Repeated Loading

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Carter ◽  
W. E. Caler
Keyword(s):  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Creep Damage ◽  
Cyclic Strain ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Tensile Creep ◽  
Repeated Loading ◽  
Time To Failure ◽  
Creep Fracture

Fatigue tests of human cortical bone (up to 1.74 × 106 cycles) were conducted under tension-compression (T-C) and zero-tension (O-T) modes with a 2Hz, stress controlled, sinusoidal loading history. Tensile creep-fracture tests at constant stress levels were also performed. The relationship between the initial cyclic strain range and cycles to failure with the T-C specimens were consistent with that derived previously in low-cycle fatigue under strain control. Using a time-dependent failure model, the creep-fracture data was found to be consistent with previous studies of the influence of strain rate on the monotonic tensile strength of bone. The model also predicted quite well the time to failure for the O-T fatigue specimens, suggesting that creep damage plays an important role in O-T fatigue specimens.

Low Cycle Fatigue Test of Lead Free Solders Using Small Sized Specimen

2017 ◽  
Vol 734 ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Konishi ◽  
Takamoto Itoh ◽  
Masao Sakane ◽  
Fumio Ogawa ◽  
Hideyuki Kanayama
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Bulk Specimen ◽  
Free Solder ◽  
Lead Free Solders

This paper investigates the fatigue results in low cycle fatigue region obtained from a miniaturized specimen having a 6mm gage length, 3mm diameter and 55mm total length. Fatigue tests were performed for two type lead-free solders using horizontal-type electrical servo hydraulic push-pull fatigue testing machine. Materials employed were Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-5Sb. The results from Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu were compared with those obtained using a bulk specimen in a previous study. Relationship between strain range and number of cycles to failure of the small-sized specimen agreed with those of the bulk specimens. The testing techniques are applicable to Sn-5Sb following the Manson-Coffin law. These results confirm that the testing technique proposed here, using small-sized specimen, is suitable to get fruitful fatigue data for lead-free solder compounds.

Environmental Fatigue Test of CF8M With a Small Autoclave Simulating PWR Conditions

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Il-Seok Jeong ◽  
Gag-Hyeon Ha ◽  
Tae-Ryoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Cyclic Strain ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Pressurized Water Reactor ◽  
Pressurized Water

To develop a fatigue design curve of cast stainless steel CF8M used in primary piping material of nuclear power plants, low-cycle fatigue tests have been conducted by Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI). A small autoclave simulated the environment of a pressurized water reactor (PWR), 15 MPa and 315 °C. Fatigue life was measured in terms of the number of cycles with the variation of strain amplitudes at 0.04%/s strain rate. A small autoclave of 1 liter and cylindrical solid fatigue specimens were used for the strain-controlled low cycle environmental fatigue tests to make the experiments convenient. However, it was difficult to install displacement measuring instruments at the target length of the specimens inside the autoclave. To mitigate the difficulty displacement data measured at the shoulders of the specimen were calibrated based on the data relation of the target and shoulder length of the specimen during hot air test conditions. KEPRI developed a test procedure to perform low cycle environmental fatigue tests in the small autoclave. The procedure corrects the cyclic strain hardening effect by performing additional tests in high temperature air condition. KEPRI verified that the corrected test result agreed well with that of finite element method analysis. The process of correcting environmental fatigue data would be useful for producing reliable fatigue curves using a small autoclave simulating the operating conditions of a PWR.

Verification of the Prediction Methods of Strain Range in Notched Specimens Made of Mod.9Cr-1Mo

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanori Ando ◽  
Yuichi Hirose ◽  
Shingo Date ◽  
Sota Watanabe ◽  
Yasuhiro Enuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Prediction Methods ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Notched Specimens ◽  
Creep Fatigue

Several innovative prediction methods of strain range have been developed in order to apply to the Generation IV plants. In a component design at elevated temperature, ‘strain range’ is used to calculate the fatigue and creep-fatigue damage. Therefore, prediction of ‘strain range’ is one of the most important issues to evaluate the components’ integrity during these lifetimes. To verify the strain prediction method of discontinues structures at evaluated temperature, low cycle fatigue tests were carried out with notched specimens. All the specimens were made of Mod.9Cr-1Mo, because it is a candidate material for a primary and secondary heat transports system components of JSFR (Japanese Sodium Fast Reactor). Deformation control fatigue tests and thermal fatigue tests were performed by ordinary uni-axial push-pull test machine and equipment generating the thermal gradient in the notched plate by induction heating. Stress concentration level was changed by varying the notch radius in the both kind of tests. Crack initiation and propagation process during the fatigue test were observed by the digital micro-scope and replica method. Elastic and inelastic FEAs were also carried out to estimate the ‘strain range’ for the prediction of fatigue life. Then the ranges of several strain predictions and estimations were compared with the test results. These predictions were based on the sophisticated technique to estimate the ‘strain range’ from elastic FEA. Stress reduction locus (SRL) method, simple elastic follow-up method, Neuber’s rule method and the methods supplied by elevated temperature design standards were applied. Through these results, the applicability and conservativeness of these strain prediction and estimation methods, which is the basis of the creep-fatigue life prediction, is discussed.

Effect of Creep in Low-Cycle Fatigue of Pressure Vessel Steel

1970 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dubuc ◽  
A. Biron
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Pressure Vessel Steel ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Total Strain Range ◽  
Vessel Steel ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Strain

Low-cycle fatigue tests have been carried out at 2 cpm on a pressure vessel steel at 350 deg C (662 deg F). The total strain range was fixed for each test and the minimum (or mean) strain in some cases was constant (zero minimum value), in others increased uniformly in time at a predetermined rate. It was found that variations in the mean strain up to 0.5 percent/hour had no significant influence on the results.

Cyclic Plastic Deformation of a Circular Plate With Work Hardening

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-341
Author(s):  
R. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Nonlinear Behavior ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Cyclic Strain ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Element Analysis

An experimental and theoretical study was performed of the nonlinear behavior of a simply supported flat circular aluminum plate under reversed cyclic central load. The application is for the analysis of cyclic stress and strain of structural components in the plastic range for predicting low-cycle fatigue life. The main purpose was to determine the relative accuracy of an elastic-plastic large deformation finite element analysis when the material properties input data are derived from monotonic (noncyclic) stress-strain curves versus that derived from cyclic stress-strain curves. The results showed that large errors could be induced in the theoretical prediction of cyclic strain range when using the monotonic stress-strain curve, which could lead to large errors in predicting low-cycle fatigue life. The use of cyclic stress-strain curves, according to the model developed by Morrow, et al., proved to be accurate and convenient.

Improvement of Thermomechanical Fatigue Life in Nitrogen Alloyed 316 Stainless Steel

2005 ◽  
Vol 475-479 ◽  
pp. 1429-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae Whan Kim ◽  
Chang Hee Han ◽  
Woo Seog Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Thermomechanical Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Phase Condition ◽  
Higher Temperature

Fatigue tests of type 316 and 316LN stainless steel were conducted at RT and 600ı, 0.8~1.5% strain range for low cycle fatigue (LCF), 300~600ı, 0% strain range for thermal fatigue (TF) and 300~600ı, 2% strain range, in-phase or out-of-phase for thermomechanical fatigue (TMF). LCF, TF, and TMF lives were increased but saturation stresses were decreased with the addition of nitrogen. The higher temperature was the lower TF life at a same temperature change. The minimum temperature change for TF failure was more than 100ı. TMF life was higher at inphase condition than at out-of-phase condition. Fracture mode was transgranular for LCF and outof- phase of TMF and almost transgranular and small intergranular for TF and in-phase TMF.

scholarly journals Thermal-Stress and Low-Cycle Fatigue Data on Typical Materials

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Horton ◽  
J. M. Hallander ◽  
D. D. Foley
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Strain ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Mechanical Strain ◽  
Thermal Strain ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Ferrous Alloys ◽  
Plastic Strain Range ◽  
Analysis Of Results

This paper presents the results of low-cycle-fatigue tests wherein either thermal strain or mechanical strain was the independent variable. The materials investigated were primarily ferrous alloys for use in nuclear reactors. The analysis of results was based on plastic-strain-range measurements which could be made reproducibly in the 2 × 10−5 range. Graphs of plastic strain range versus cycles to failure were often found to be independent of large variations in temperature and cycle time. The results from thermal-fatigue and constant-temperature-fatigue tests were usually indistinguishable on these graphs, suggesting that identical metallurgical phenomena occurred in each type of test.

scholarly journals Study on Creep Damage of Ni-Based Superalloy Caused by Variable Load Conditions at Elevated Temperatures

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 6971
Author(s):  
Sunguk Wee ◽  
Keekeun Kim ◽  
Kibum Park ◽  
Changsung Seok
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Creep Damage ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Variable Load ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Nickel Based Superalloy ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
Load Conditions

Higher fatigue and creep resistance at high temperatures are the essential properties for materials such as those used in gas turbines for power generation and aircraft turbines. Therefore, the nickel-based superalloy CMSX-4 was developed through single-crystal casting to satisfy these requirements. In this study, the CMSX-4 creep test results reported by previous researchers were used to mathematically derive an equation to estimate the amount of creep damage occurring under variable load conditions. In addition, low-cycle fatigue tests were performed, and the effect of creep damage occurring during fatigue on material failure was described.

The Creep-Fatigue Evaluation Method for Intermediate Hold Conditions: Proposal and Validation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Okajima ◽  
Nobuchika Kawasaki ◽  
Shoichi Kato ◽  
Naoto Kasahara
Keyword(s):  
Initial Stress ◽  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Creep Damage ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Reactor Vessel ◽  
Liquid Sodium ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Creep Fatigue

In this paper, for the application to the Japan Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor, JSFR, the creep-fatigue damage evaluation method is improved to consider the intermediate holding condition. The improved method is validated through both of the uni-axial and the structure model creep-fatigue tests. In these validations, the target material is 316FR steel, which is planned to use for the reactor vessel. The reactor vessel portion near the liquid sodium surface is one of the most probable points where the creep-fatigue damage is considerable. Because of the relaxation of the temperature gradient, the steady operation stress on the portion near the liquid sodium surface is less than the maximum stress in the transient. In the conventional method, in order to evaluate the creep damage conservatively, the maximum tensile value in the thermal stress transient cycle is used as the initial stress. The improved method evaluates the creep damage using the lower initial stress than the conventional method, while it has the rational margin. For the validation of the improved method, uni-axial creep-fatigue tests and structure model tests are carried out. A series of uni-axial creep-fatigue tests was carried out in the following conditions: 600 degree C testing temperature, 1% total strain range, 1 hour holding time, vacuum or air environments, and the various holding position. While the test environment affects the fatigue damage, it didn’t have significant effect on the creep damage. In the cases with high holding position, the creep damages were evaluated based on the given initial stress with high precision. In the other cases, by the assumption of the steady-stress existence, the rational margin is given for the evaluation. Furthermore, in the design stage, the evaluated creep-fatigue damage has enough margins derived from the conservative evaluation of the initial stress. The structural tests modeled the movement of the liquid sodium surface in the start-up and the shut-down stages, and the relaxation of the temperature gradient in the operation stage. In these tests, the temperature distribution was given by coolant water and an external high-frequency heating coil for the cylindrical specimen, and moved in the axial direction. In addition, the primary stress, which was caused by the weight of the reactor vessel, was given by the screw jack. As a result, using the strain range evaluated by the elastic analysis, the improved method evaluated the crack initiation life due to the creep-fatigue damage with the sufficient safety margin. In the case when the strain range was evaluated by the elastic-plastic analysis, the method predicted the crack initiation life with the good precision. While the evaluation of the crack penetration life was possible, further examination was desired for the precision improvement.

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