Film Cooling of Gas Turbine Blades: A Study of the Effect of Large Temperature Differences on Film Cooling Effectiveness

1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Paradis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Constant Property ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Gas Turbine Blades ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Simple Equations

Experiments have been performed on the film cooling of gas turbine blades in order to study the influence of large temperature differences on the effectiveness of film cooling. A two-dimensional flat plate model was tested in a stream of 1000 K combustion gases flowing at between 110 and 170 m/s. The model was cooled on both sides by jets of air coming from flush angled slots. The range of velocity ratios Uc/Ug covered was from 0.3 to 1.7 and the range of blowing rates was between 0.5 and 5. Film cooling effectiveness was measured and boundary layer traverses were performed. It has been found that once radiation and conduction effects are taken into account, the simple equations proposed by previous workers for the constant property case could be used with little error.

Numerical Predictions of Three-Dimensional Unsteady Turbulent Film-Cooling for Trailing Edge of Gas-Turbine Blade Using Large Eddy Simulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Khalil ◽  
Hatem Kayed ◽  
Abdallah Hanafi ◽  
Medhat Nemitallah ◽  
Mohamed Habib
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Gas Turbine Blades ◽  
Blowing Ratio ◽  
Eddy Simulation

This work investigates the performance of film-cooling on trailing edge of gas turbine blades using unsteady three-dimensional numerical model adopting large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence scheme in a low Mach number flow regime. This study is concerned with the scaling parameters affecting effectiveness and heat transfer performance on the trailing edge, as a critical design parameter, of gas turbine blades. Simulations were performed using ANSYS-fluentworkbench 17.2. High quality mesh was adapted, whereas the size of cells adjacent to the wall was optimized carefully to sufficiently resolve the boundary layer to obtain insight predictions of the film-cooling effectiveness on a flat plate downstream the slot opening. Blowing ratio, density ratio, Reynolds number, and the turbulence intensity of the mainstream and coolant flow are optimally examined against the film-cooling effectiveness. The predicted results showed a great agreement when compared with the experiments. The results show a distinctive behavior of the cooling effectiveness with blowing ratio variation as it has a dip in vicinity of unity which is explained by the behavior of the vortex entrainment and momentum of coolant flow. The negative effect of the turbulence intensity on the cooling effectiveness is demonstrated as well.

scholarly journals Prediction of Film Cooling Effectiveness of Steam

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Je-Chin Han ◽  
P. E. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Gas Turbine Blades ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

The intent of this work is to show, analytically, that superheated steam can provide better film cooling than conventional air for gas turbine blades and vanes. Goldstein’s two-dimensional and Eckert’s three-dimensional models have been reexamined and modified in order to include the effects of thermal-fluid properties of foreign gas injection on the film cooling effectiveness. Based on the modified models, the computed results for steam film cooling effectiveness, showing an increase of 80 to 100 percent when compared with air cooling at the same operating conditions, are presented.

Simulation of Mist Film Cooling on Rotating Gas Turbine Blades

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Dhanasekaran ◽  
Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Pressure Side ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Gas Turbine Blades ◽  
Cooling Enhancement ◽  
Mist Cooling

Film cooling technique has been successfully applied to gas turbine blades to prevent it from the hot flue gas. However, a continuous demand of increasing the turbine inlet temperature to raise the efficiency of the turbine requires continuous improvement in film cooling effectiveness. The concept of injecting mist (tiny water droplets) into the cooling fluid has been proven under laboratory conditions to significantly augment adiabatic cooling effectiveness 50–800% in convective heat transfer and impingement cooling. The similar concept of ejecting mist into air film cooling has not been proven in the laboratory, but computational simulation has been performed on stationary turbine blades. As a continuation of previous research, this paper extends the mist film cooling scheme to the rotating turbine blade. For the convenience of understanding the effect of rotation, the simulation is first conducted with a single pair of cooling hole located near the leading edge at either side of the blade. Then a row of multiple-hole film cooling jets are simulated at stationary and rotational condition. Operating condition under both the laboratory (baseline) and elevated gas turbine conditions are simulated and compared. The effects of various parameters including mist concentration, water droplet diameter, droplet wall boundary condition, blowing ratio, and rotational speed are investigated. The results showed the effect of rotation on droplets at lab condition is minimal. The CFD model employed the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) including both wall film and droplet reflect conditions. The results showed that the droplet-wall interaction is stronger on the pressure side than on the suction side resulting in a higher mist cooling enhancement on the pressure side. The average mist cooling enhancement of about 15% and 35% are achieved on the laboratory and elevated conditions, respectively. This translates into a significant blade surface temperature reduction of 100–125 K with 10% mist injection at elevated condition.

Simulation of Mist Film Cooling on Rotating Gas Turbine Blades

2011 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Dhanasekaran ◽  
Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Pressure Side ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Gas Turbine Blades ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Cooling Enhancement ◽  
Mist Cooling

Film cooling techniques have been successfully applied to gas turbine blades to protect them from the hot flue gas. However, a continuous demand of increasing the turbine inlet temperature to raise the efficiency of the turbine requires continuous improvement in film cooling effectiveness. The concept of injecting mist (tiny water droplets) into the cooling fluid has been proven under laboratory conditions to significantly augment adiabatic cooling effectiveness by up to 50%–800% in convective heat transfer and impingement cooling. The similar concept of injecting mist into air film cooling has not been proven in the laboratory, but computational simulations have been performed on stationary turbine blades. As a continuation of previous research, this paper extends the mist film cooling scheme to the rotating turbine blade. For the convenience of understanding the effect of rotation, the simulation is first conducted with a single pair of cooling holes located near the leading edge at either side of the blade. Then, a row of multiple-hole film cooling jets is put in place under both stationary and rotating conditions. Both the laboratory (baseline) and elevated gas turbine conditions are simulated and compared. Elevated conditions refer to a high temperature and pressure closer to actual gas turbine working conditions. The effects of various parameters including mist concentration, water droplet diameter, droplet wall boundary condition, blowing ratio, and rotational speed are investigated. The results showed that the effect of rotation on droplets under laboratory conditions is minimal. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model employed is the discrete phase model (DPM) including both wall film and droplet reflect conditions. The results showed that the droplet-wall interaction is stronger on the pressure side than on the suction side, resulting in a higher mist cooling enhancement on the pressure side. The average rates of mist cooling enhancement of about 15% and 35% were achieved under laboratory and elevated conditions, respectively. This translates to a significant blade surface temperature reduction of 100–125 K with 10% mist injection at elevated conditions.

Heat Transfer Coefficients and Film Cooling Effectiveness on the Squealer Tip of a Gas Turbine Blade

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Su Kwak ◽  
Je-Chin Han
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Turbine Blade ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Rotor Blade ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Blowing Ratio

Experimental investigations were performed to measure the detailed heat transfer coefficients and film cooling effectiveness on the squealer tip of a gas turbine blade in a five-bladed linear cascade. The blade was a two-dimensional model of a first stage gas turbine rotor blade with a profile of the GE-E3 aircraft gas turbine engine rotor blade. The test blade had a squealer (recessed) tip with a 4.22% recess. The blade model was equipped with a single row of film cooling holes on the pressure side near the tip region and the tip surface along the camber line. Hue detection based transient liquid crystals technique was used to measure heat transfer coefficients and film cooling effectiveness. All measurements were done for the three tip gap clearances of 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.5% of blade span at the two blowing ratios of 1.0 and 2.0. The Reynolds number based on cascade exit velocity and axial chord length was 1.1×106 and the total turning angle of the blade was 97.9 deg. The overall pressure ratio was 1.2 and the inlet and exit Mach numbers were 0.25 and 0.59, respectively. The turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet was 9.7%. Results showed that the overall heat transfer coefficients increased with increasing tip gap clearance, but decreased with increasing blowing ratio. However, the overall film cooling effectiveness increased with increasing blowing ratio. Results also showed that the overall film cooling effectiveness increased but heat transfer coefficients decreased for the squealer tip when compared to the plane tip at the same tip gap clearance and blowing ratio conditions.

Aerothermal Effect of Cavity Welding Beads on a Transonic Squealer Tip

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao Vieira ◽  
John Coull ◽  
Peter Ireland ◽  
Eduardo Romero
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
High Pressure Turbine ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Aerodynamic Loss ◽  
Blade Tip ◽  
Mass Flow Rates

Abstract High pressure turbine blade tips are critical for gas turbine performance and are sensitive to small geometric variations. For this reason, it is increasingly important for experiments and simulations to consider real geometry features. One commonly absent detail is the presence of welding beads on the cavity of the blade tip, which are an inherent by-product of the blade manufacturing process. This paper therefore investigates how such welds affect the Nusselt number, film cooling effectiveness and aerodynamic performance. Measurements are performed on a linear cascade of high pressure turbine blades at engine realistic Mach and Reynolds numbers. Two cooled blade tip geometries were tested: a baseline squealer geometry without welding beads, and a case with representative welding beads added to the tip cavity. Combinations of two tip gaps and several coolant mass flow rates were analysed. Pressure sensitive paint was used to measure the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness on the tip, which is supplemented by heat transfer coefficient measurements obtained via infrared thermography. Drawing from all of this data, it is shown that the weld beads have a generally detrimental impact on thermal performance, but with local variations. Aerodynamic loss measured downstream of the cascade is shown to be largely insensitive to the weld beads.

Account of Film Turbulence for Predicting Film Cooling Effectiveness in Gas Turbine Combustors

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Sturgess
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Engine Combustion ◽  
Turbulence Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Combustor Liner

The paper deals with a small but important part of the overall gas turbine engine combustion system and continues earlier published work on turbulence effects in film cooling to cover the case of film turbulence. Film cooling of the gas turbine combustor liner imposes certain geometric limitations on the coolant injection device. The impact of practical film injection geometry on the cooling is one of increased rates of film decay when compared to the performance from idealized injection geometries at similar injection conditions. It is important to combustor durability and life estimation to be able to predict accurately the performance obtainable from a given practical slot. The coolant film is modeled as three distinct regions, and the effects of injection slot geometry on the development of each region are described in terms of film turbulence intensity and initial circumferential non-uniformity of the injected coolant. The concept of the well-designed slot is introduced and film effectiveness is shown to be dependent on it. Only slots which can be described as well-designed are of interest in practical equipment design. A prediction procedure is provided for well-designed slots which describes growth of the film downstream of the first of the three film regions. Comparisons of predictions with measured data are made for several very different well-designed slots over a relatively wide range of injection conditions, and good agreement is shown.

An Experimental Study of the Leakage Flow Effect on the Film Cooling Effectiveness of a Gas Turbine Shroud

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Gi Mun Kim ◽  
Soo In Lee ◽  
Jin Young Jeong ◽  
Jae Su Kwak ◽  
Seokbeom Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Leakage Flow ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
High Heat Transfer ◽  
Hole Configuration ◽  
Cooling Hole

Abstract In the vicinity of gas turbine blades, a complex flow field is formed due to the flow separation, reattachment, and secondary flows, and this results in a locally non-uniform and high heat transfer on the surfaces. The present study experimentally investigates the effects of leakage flow through the slot between the gas turbine vane and blade rows on the film cooling effectiveness of the forward region of the shroud ring segment. The experiment is carried out in a linear cascade with five blades. Instead of the vane, a row of rods at the location of the vane trailing edge is installed to consider the wake effect. The leakage flow is introduced through the slot between the vane and blade rows, and additional coolant air is injected from the cooling holes installed at the vane's outer zone. The effects of the slot geometry, cooling hole configuration, and blowing ratio on the film cooling effectiveness are experimentally investigated using the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. CO2 gas and a mixture of SF6 and N2 (25%+75%) are used to simulate the leakage flow to the mainstream density ratios of 1.5 and 2.0, respectively. The results indicate that the area averaged film cooling effectiveness is affected more by the slot width than by the cooling hole configuration at the same injection conditions, and the lower density ratio cases show higher film cooling effectiveness than the higher density ratio case at the same cooling configuration.

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