Measurements of Blowdown Thrust Loading in Natural Gas Facilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Botros ◽  
H. Charette ◽  
M. Martens ◽  
M. Beckel ◽  
G. Szuch
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Compressible Flow ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Stagnation Pressure ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Modeling Approach

Abstract The thrust loading on a vertical blowdown stack during a natural gas blowdown was investigated using a combined experimental and modeling approach. A gravimetric vessel initially at 4000 kPa-g was blown down through two geometrically different stack assemblies. Thrust loads were measured using a dynamic weigh scale typically used for gravimetric calibration of gas flow meters. A one-dimensional (1D) compressible flow model, calibrated using the experimental data, revealed stagnation pressure losses at the entrance to the riser, resulting in lower thrust loads. A comparison between thrust loading obtained from the measurements and the 1D compressible flow model is presented. This work shows that the analytical flow model predicts the blowdown thrust loads within ±30%.

A quasi-one-dimensional model for an outwardly opening poppet-type direct gas injector for internal combustion engines

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1493-1519
Author(s):  
Abhishek Y Deshmukh ◽  
Carsten Giefer ◽  
Dominik Goeb ◽  
Maziar Khosravi ◽  
David van Bebber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Gas Jet ◽  
Nozzle Flow ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
One Dimensional

Direct injection of compressed natural gas in internal combustion engines is a promising technology to achieve high indicated thermal efficiency and, at the same time, reduce harmful exhaust gas emissions using relatively low-cost fuel. However, the design and analysis of direct injection–compressed natural gas systems are challenging due to small injector geometries and high-speed gas flows including shocks and discontinuities. The injector design typically involves either a multi-hole configuration with inwardly opening needle or an outwardly opening poppet-type valve with small geometries, which make accessing the near-nozzle-flow field difficult in experiments. Therefore, predictive simulations can be helpful in the design and development processes. Simulations of the gas injection process are, however, computationally very expensive, as gas passages of the order of micrometers combined with a high Mach number compressible gas flow result in very small simulation time steps of the order of nanoseconds, increasing the overall computational wall time. With substantial differences between in-nozzle and in-cylinder length and velocity scales, simultaneous simulation of both regions becomes computationally expensive. Therefore, in this work, a quasi-one-dimensional nozzle-flow model for an outwardly opening poppet-type injector is developed. The model is validated by comparison with high-fidelity large-eddy simulation results for different nozzle pressure ratios. The quasi-one-dimensional nozzle-flow model is dynamically coupled to a three-dimensional flow solver through source terms in the governing equations, named as dynamically coupled source model. The dynamically coupled source model is then applied to a temporal gas jet evolution case and a cold flow engine case. The results show that the dynamically coupled source model can reasonably predict the gas jet behavior in both cases. All simulations using the new model led to reductions of computational wall time by a factor of 5 or higher.

A Natural Gas Flow Model under Uncertainty in Demand

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1360-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuven R. Levary ◽  
Burton V. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Natural Gas Flow

Gravimetric Calibration of Critical Flow Venturi Nozzles

Volume 1 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Critical Flow ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Sonic Nozzle ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Southwest Research Institute ◽  
Layer Flow

The Metering Research Facility (MRF) was commissioned in 1995/1996 at Southwest Research Institute for research on, and calibration of natural gas flow meters. A key commissioning activity was the calibration of critical flow Venturi (sonic) nozzles by a gravimetric proving process flowing nitrogen or natural gas at different pressures. This paper concerns the calibration of the four sonic nozzles installed in the MRF Low Pressure Loop (LPL). Recently, a new project prompted a review of the relations used to calculate sonic nozzle discharge coefficient in the LPL data acquisition computer code. New calibrations of the LPL sonic nozzles were performed flowing natural gas over a lower range of pressure than used in the original commissioning tests. The combination of new and old gravimetric calibration data are shown to agree well with correlations published by Arnberg and Ishibashi (2001) and by Ishibashi and Takamoto (2001) for laminar, transitional and turbulent boundary layer flow in critical flow Venturi nozzles.

Multi-Path Gas Ultrasonic Flow Meter Performance at Low Velocity

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Thermal Stratification ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Southwest Research Institute ◽  
Ultrasonic Flow Meter

Multi-path gas ultrasonic flow meters are used to measure the flow rate of natural gas in custody-transfer metering applications. Steady-flow tests were performed in the high-pressure loop (HPL) of the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) Metering Research Facility (MRF) flowing natural gas through two 300 mm (12-inch) diameter multi-path ultrasonic flow meters with different ultrasonic path configurations. Tests were performed with both small and large temperature differences between the flowing gas temperature and the outdoor ambient temperature. This paper presents the results of the large temperature difference tests with and without an upstream flow conditioner for one multi-path ultrasonic meter in the low-flow range of 0.15 m/s (0.5 ft/s) to 0.30 m/s (1 ft/s). Test conditions were selected to complement a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study performed by Morrison and Brar [2004,2005] at Texas A&M University. The experimental results confirm that the gas flow in the ultrasonic meter was thermally stratified (as predicted by Morrison and Brar [2004]) and show the effects of thermal stratification on path velocities, meter diagnostic path velocity ratios, and on meter accuracy. The results show that the flow conditioner was relatively ineffective in smoothing the axial velocity profile distortion caused by thermal stratification in this low velocity range.

Experimental and Analytical Study of Flow Diversion Beyond an Underexpanded Nozzle

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-478
Author(s):  
E. C. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Analytic Model ◽  
Steady State Flow ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Nozzle Pressure ◽  
Flow Apparatus

A steady-state flow apparatus was used to investigate the process of gun gas diversion through a single hole perforated disk diverter. The amount of diverted flow was found to depend on the distance between the nozzle and the diverter disk and the ratio of nozzle pressure to diverter exit pressure. Experimental studies used nitrogen and carbon dioxide as the working fluids to show the effect of specific heat ratio. At ratios of nozzle pressure to ambient pressure ranging from 4 to 60 diversion efficiencies of 50 to 99 percent were produced. A one-dimensional analytic gas flow model was developed. Results of the analytic model paralleled the experimental data for pressure ratios over 10.

scholarly journals THE EFFICIENCY OF THE GAVER-STEHFEST METHOD TO SOLVE OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL GAS FLOW MODEL

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-252
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Wójcik ◽  
Mirosław Szukiewicz ◽  
Paweł Kowalik ◽  
Wiesław Próchniak
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
One Dimensional

scholarly journals Working Principle of Gas Turbine Meter Fluxi 2000/TZ and Gas Volume Converter

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Gas Volume

The use of natural gas in several countries, especially in Indonesia is essential. In gas distribution, every industry and household will not be separated from the measurement system that aims to find out how much natural gas has been used. For this reason, the use of a gas flow meter is necessary. There are several types of gas flow meter can be used in measuring the gas volume. Some types of gas flow meters are gas turbine meters, rotary gas meters and diaphragm gas meters. The primary difference of each type of gas flow meter is the pressure capacity and the speed of the gas flow through it. Flow meter gas turbine is one type of gas flow rate measuring device. There are moving parts consisting of a propeller whose rotation speed is proportional to the flow rate through the flow meter. The type of gas turbine meter is Fluxi 2000/TZ. Fluxi 2000/TZ is designed to measure natural gas and various non-corrosive gases. This tool can be used to measure low gas flow and high gas flow. This tool can also be used to measure flow under various pressure conditions. Corus is the name of the type of gas volume converter. Corus is one instrument that supports the reading process of various gas meters, and one of them is a gas turbine meter. Corus is designed to achieve high levels of performance and accuracy from robust electronic equipment so that the results of reading the fluid volume available on the gas turbine meter can be calculated more accurately regard to the amount of temperature, pressure and compressibility. The working principle and characteristics of the two instruments make the measurements more accurate.

scholarly journals Research of hydrodynamics of gas flow filtration through a stationary layer of crushed cotton stalks (wild cotton)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1(61)) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
Zagira Kobeyeva ◽  
Alisher Khussanov ◽  
Volodymyr Atamanyuk ◽  
Zoriana Hnativ ◽  
Botagoz Kaldybayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Granulometric Composition ◽  
Maximum Relative Error ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Graphical Dependence ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Stationary Layer ◽  
Flow Filtration

The object of this research is the hydrodynamics of the stationary layer of crushed cotton stalks. One of the most problematic areas is the influence of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the stationary layer of crushed cotton stalks on the hydrodynamics of filtration drying. In the course of research, methods of physical and mathematical modeling are used. Sieve analysis is used to determine the granulometric composition of the polydisperse mixture of crushed cotton stalks. The granulometric composition of the crushed stalks of cotton is determined and the graphical dependence of the percentage of each fraction is presented. The hydrodynamics of gas flow filtration through a stationary layer of crushed cotton stalks are experimentally investigated, and a graphical dependence of pressure losses on the fictitious rate of gas flow filtration is presented. It is found that pressure losses in the stationary layer of crushed cotton stalks are parabolic, which indicates the influence of both inertial and viscous components on pressure losses. The unknown coefficients of the modified Ergun equation are determined on the basis of experimental data. The correlation dependence between the experimental and theoretically calculated values is presented and it is shown that the maximum relative error is 9.6 %, which is quite acceptable for practical calculations. The results of experimental studies are also presented in the form of a graphical dependence of the Euler number on the Reynolds number. Based on the generalization of the experimental data, the calculated dependences are obtained in the form of dimensionless complexes, which describe the hydrodynamics of the gas flow filtration through a stationary layer of crushed cotton stalks. This makes it possible to predict the energy costs for creating a differential pressure, with an accuracy sufficient for practical calculations. The ratio of the experimental values of pressure losses to the theoretically calculated ones, depending on the Reynolds number, is graphically presented. It is shown that the maximum relative error does not exceed 8 %. The proposed generalizations of experimental data will make it possible to determine the energy consumption for creating a pressure drop at the design stage of the drying equipment, as well as to calculate the optimal process parameters and predict its economic feasibility.

A One-Dimensional Transient Compressible Flow Model for Cooling Airflow Rate Computation

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Chiang ◽  
George P. C. Huang ◽  
Zintai Chang ◽  
John H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Compressible Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
One Dimensional
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