Modification of Jet Fuels to Decrease the Fire Hazard in Survivable Aircraft Crashes

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Erickson ◽  
R. M. Krajewski ◽  
W. E. Cohrs
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Jet Fuels

This paper is directed to the modification of jet fuels to reduce the inherent fire hazard of such fuels. Some of the problems and compromises involved in this development program are discussed. The theoretical concept pursued is outlined and some of the physical properties of the final compromise modified fuel are shown.

Advanced Thermally Stable Jet Fuels Development Program Annual Report. Volume 1. Model and Experiment System Development

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmer Klavetter ◽  
Tim O'Hern ◽  
Bill Marshall ◽  
Merrill Jr. ◽  
Frye Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
System Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Thermally Stable ◽  
Experiment System

Interrelation of fire hazard and resources of jet fuels

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 521-524
Author(s):  
A. F. Gorenkov ◽  
T. A. Lifanova
Keyword(s):  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Jet Fuels

scholarly journals Social inclusion in the context of Czech rural development policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 412-422
Author(s):  
Kucerova Eva
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Social Farming

The paper addresses social inclusion. It aims to investigate how social inclusion was conceptualized in the main Czech policy documents related to the EU. The text argues that one of the tools of social inclusion – social economy represented by social entrepreneurship and social farming – is a sort of innovative practice. The findings suggest that the understanding of social inclusion evolves within policy documents towards highlighting social economy through matching its theoretical concept with political measures. However, social economy is still not considered by the documents as an innovative approach. If analysing projects funded under Czech Rural Development Programs, social inclusion in rural areas is not the main theme, especially in regions exposed to the risk of social exclusion. In addition, the main actors (NGOs or social entrepreneurs) who are said to support social economy or social farming are not active in submitting projects in rural areas under the Rural Development Program 2007–2013. These actors have not yet used their potential towards developing social economy.

GIBSON TUBE DUPLEX ALLOY 19D

Alloy Digest ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Chromium Content ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Duplex Alloy ◽  
Super Duplex Stainless Steels

Abstract Alloy 19D (UNS S32001), Nitronic 19D, is a lean duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel developed by AK Steel. Compared to conventional duplex and super-duplex stainless steels, alloy 19D has a reduced chromium content, man-ganese is substituted for most of the nickel, and molybdenum is essentially eliminated. Gibson Tube conducted a development program to produce seam-welded 19D tubing. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance. Filing Code: SS-841. Producer or source: Gibson Tube.

Reacting Pressurized Spray Combustor Dynamics: Part 1 — Fuel Sensitivities and Blowoff Characterization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Rock ◽  
Ianko Chterev ◽  
Travis Smith ◽  
Hanna Ek ◽  
Benjamin Emerson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Point Temperature ◽  
Lean Blowout ◽  
Atomization Characteristics

Blowoff sets important operational limits on a combustor system. While blowoff is intrinsically a system-dependent phenomenon, it is also dependent on the chemical and physical properties of the fuel. This paper describes an experimental study of the lean blowout limits of eight liquid fuels in a swirl-stabilized combustor, with data for both a pressure atomizer and an airblast atomizer. Three of the fuels were traditional jet fuels (an average Jet-A, JP-5, and JP-8) and the remaining five fuels spanned a range of physical and kinetic properties. These experiments were performed at a combustor pressure of 345 kPa and an air temperature of 450 K. In addition to some sensitivity of blowoff conditions to the thermal state of the combustor, results also clearly show sensitivities to fuel composition. Strong correlations were observed for pressure atomizer blowoff with fuel physical properties, particularly for boiling point temperature, indicating that fuels less easily atomized and vaporized are harder to blow off. These results are consistent with the idea that delaying atomization and/vaporization, and therefore reducing the level of premixing that drives the local fuel-air ratio towards the very lean global fuel/air ratio, is advantageous in order to promote regions of locally elevated flame temperatures. We suggest that this behavior occurs when the air preheat temperature is above the fuel flashpoint, as a similarly good correlation with boiling point temperature but with the opposite trend, has been previously reported in a study obtained for preheat temperatures below the fuel flashpoint. In contrast, the airblast results do not show strong correlations with fuel physical properties. Rather, the best correlation of the airblast atomizer results is with the percentage of iso-paraffins in the fuel. We speculate that this reflects a sensitivity to kinetic properties of the fuel, as the superior atomization characteristics of the airblast atomizer may de-emphasize the importance of physical properties.

Spray Characteristics of Fischer-Tropsch Alternate Jet Fuels

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumaran Kannaiyan ◽  
Reza Sadr
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Spray Characteristics ◽  
Pressure Swirl

Increase in energy demand and stringent emission norms drive the need for clean, alternative energy source. Recently, gas-to-liquid (GTL), a synthetic jet fuel produced from natural gas using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has grabbed global attention due to its cleaner combustion aspects when compared to the conventional jet fuel. The chemical and physical properties of GTL fuels are different from the conventional fuels which could potentially affect the atomization and in turn the combustion characteristics and pollutant formation. In this work the spray characteristics of two GTL blends and conventional Jet A-1 fuels are investigated downstream of a pressure swirl nozzle exit at two injection pressures and the results are then compared. Microscopic spray characteristics, droplet size and velocity distributions are obtained at global as well as local levels of the spray using global sizing velocimetry and phase Doppler anemometry measurement techniques, respectively. Results clearly show that although the GTL fuels have different physical properties, such as viscosity, density, and surface tension the spray characteristics of the GTL fuels are found to be similar to those of Jet A-1 fuel.

The Photometric Properties of the Ap Stars

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 365-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hauck
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Ap Stars

The Ap stars are numerous - the photometric systems tool It would be very tedious to review in detail all that which is in the literature concerning the photometry of the Ap stars. In my opinion it is necessary to examine the problem of the photometric properties of the Ap stars by considering first of all the possibility of deriving some physical properties for the Ap stars, or of detecting new ones. My talk today is prepared in this spirit. The classification by means of photoelectric photometric systems is at the present time very well established for many systems, such as UBV, uvbyβ, Vilnius, Geneva and DDO systems. Details and methods of classification can be found in Golay (1974) or in the proceedings of the Albany Colloquium edited by Philip and Hayes (1975).

The Infection of Cells by Bullet-Shaped Viruses

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
Frederick A. Murphy ◽  
Alyne K. Harrison ◽  
Sylvia G. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Thin Section Electron Microscopy ◽  
Section Electron ◽  
Section Electron Microscopy

The bullet-shaped viruses are currently classified together on the basis of similarities in virion morphology and physical properties. Biologically and ecologically the member viruses are extremely diverse. In searching for further bases for making comparisons of these agents, the nature of host cell infection, both in vivo and in cultured cells, has been explored by thin-section electron microscopy.

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