Regional Responses of Rat Brain to Impactor Parameters

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Hua ◽  
Praveen Akula ◽  
Matthew Kelso ◽  
Linxia Gu
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
3D Finite Element ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Compliant Material

The closed head impact (CHI) rat models are commonly used for studying the traumatic brain injury. Although various impact parameters (e.g., impact depth, velocity, and position) have been investigated by a number of researchers, little is known about the effects of the impactor shape, diameter, and material on the internal responses of the rat brain. In this work, numerical CHI experiments were conducted to investigate the sensitivities of intracranial responses to the impactor details such as impactor shape, diameter, and material. A 3D finite element rat head model with anatomical details was subjected to impact loadings. Results revealed that the impactor shape can affect the intracranial responses significantly. The effect of impactor diameter on the intracranial responses in different brain regions was uniform. In addition, careful attention should be paid when using an extremely compliant material for the impactor, since the actual impact depth might be compensated by the impactor deformation.

scholarly journals A Novel Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Focal Primary Overpressure Blast to the Cranium in Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie H. Guley ◽  
Joshua T. Rogers ◽  
Nobel A. Del Mar ◽  
Yunping Deng ◽  
Rafiqul M. Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Closed Head

scholarly journals Righting Reflex Predicts Long-Term Histological and Behavioral Outcomes in a Closed Head Model of Traumatic Brain Injury

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e0161053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia M. Grin’kina ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Margalit Haber ◽  
Michael Sangobowale ◽  
Elena Nikulina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Righting Reflex

scholarly journals Simulation of Blast-Induced Early-Time Intracranial Wave Physics leading to Traumatic Brain Injury

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Taylor ◽  
Corey C. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Wave Interactions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Blast Exposure

The objective of this modeling and simulation study was to establish the role of stress wave interactions in the genesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) from exposure to explosive blast. A high resolution (1 mm3 voxels) five material model of the human head was created by segmentation of color cryosections from the Visible Human Female data set. Tissue material properties were assigned from literature values. The model was inserted into the shock physics wave code, CTH, and subjected to a simulated blast wave of 1.3 MPa (13 bars) peak pressure from anterior, posterior, and lateral directions. Three-dimensional plots of maximum pressure, volumetric tension, and deviatoric (shear) stress demonstrated significant differences related to the incident blast geometry. In particular, the calculations revealed focal brain regions of elevated pressure and deviatoric stress within the first 2 ms of blast exposure. Calculated maximum levels of 15 KPa deviatoric, 3.3 MPa pressure, and 0.8 MPa volumetric tension were observed before the onset of significant head accelerations. Over a 2 ms time course, the head model moved only 1 mm in response to the blast loading. Doubling the blast strength changed the resulting intracranial stress magnitudes but not their distribution. We conclude that stress localization, due to early-time wave interactions, may contribute to the development of multifocal axonal injury underlying TBI. We propose that a contribution to traumatic brain injury from blast exposure, and most likely blunt impact, can occur on a time scale shorter than previous model predictions and before the onset of linear or rotational accelerations traditionally associated with the development of TBI.

Validation Study of a 3D Finite Element Head Model Against Experimental Data

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Turquier ◽  
Ho Sung Kang ◽  
Xavier Trosseille ◽  
Rémy Willinger ◽  
François Lavaste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Head Model ◽  
3D Finite Element

Simulation of Blast Induced Traumatic Brain Injury using Finite Element Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Krishnaveni ◽  
D. Dominic Xavier ◽  
R. Sarathkumar ◽  
G. Kavitha ◽  
M. Senbagan
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
The Brain

Because of increase in threat from militant groups and during war exposure to blast wave from improvised explosive devices, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), a signature injury is on rise worldwide. During blast, the biological system is exposed to a sudden blast over pressure which is several times higher than the ambient pressure causing the damage in the brain. The severity of TBI due to air blast may vary from brief change in mental status or consciousness (termed as mild) to extended period of unconsciousness or memory loss after injuries (termed as severe). The blast wave induced impact on head propagates as shock wave with the broad spectrum of frequencies and stress concentrations in the brain. The primary blast TBI is directly induced by pressure differentials across the skull/fluid/soft tissue interfaces and is further reinforced by the reflected stress waves within the cranial cavity, leading to stress concentrations in certain regions of the brain. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the behaviour of a human brain model subjected to blast wave based on finite element model using LSDYNA code. The parts of a typical human head such as skull, scalp, CSF, brain are modelled using finite element with properties assumed based on available literature. The model is subjected to blast from frontal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe of the brain. The interaction of the blast wave with the head and subsequent transformation of various forms of shock energy internally have been demonstrated in the human head model. The brain internal pressure levels and the shear stress distribution in the various lobes of the brain such as frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital are determined and presented.

scholarly journals Monoubiquitination and Cellular Distribution of XIAP in Neurons after Traumatic Brain Injury

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1129-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Lotocki ◽  
Ofelia F Alonso ◽  
Beata Frydel ◽  
W Dalton Dietrich ◽  
Robert W Keane
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Adult Rat Brain ◽  
Specific Regulation

XIAP is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family that, in addition to suppressing cell death by inhibition and polyubiquitination of caspases, is involved in an increasing number of signaling cascades. Moreover, the function and regulation of XIAP in the central nervous system (CNS) is poorly understood. In this study, the authors investigated the cell-type expression, the subcellular distribution, ubiquitination of XIAP, and levels of Smac/DIABLO in the normal adult rat brain and in brains subjected to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the normal brain, XIAP was predominantly expressed in the perinuclear region of neurons. Traumatized brains showed dramatic alterations in cellular and regional expression of XIAP early after injury. Stereologic analyses of the number of XIAP-positive cells within the hippocampus of both hemispheres showed a biphasic response. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblots of extracts derived from different brain regions demonstrated that a single ubiquitin modifies XIAP. Normal cortex contained significantly higher levels of monoubiquitinated XIAP than hippocampus. TBI induced alterations in levels of monoubiquitinated XIAP that correlated with changes in XIAP distribution and immunoreactivity, suggesting that monoubiquitination of XIAP may be a regulator of XIAP location or activity. Similar levels of Smac/DIABLO were present in lysates of normal and traumatized brains. These data demonstrate for the first time a region-specific regulation of XIAP monoubiquitination in the normal adult rat brain, and after TBI, that may be a key event in the regulation of XIAP function contributing to the pathogenesis following injury.

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