scholarly journals Switching From Petroleum- to Bio-Based Plastics: Visualization Tools to Screen Sustainable Material Alternatives During the Design Process

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Saidani ◽  
Erik Pan ◽  
Harrison Kim
Keyword(s):  
Material Selection ◽  
Sustainable Design ◽  
New Products ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Agricultural Equipment ◽  
First Case ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Visualization Tools

Abstract The recent development in technology has made bio-based plastics an increasingly attractive alternative to petroleum-based plastics to tackle plastic pollution. However, currently, bio-based plastics have not been widely adopted in the design and manufacturing of new products. To advocate the use of bio-based plastics, this paper proposes two visualization-based tools to educate designers and engineers about the availabilities and the properties of different bio-based plastics. After analyzing the literature on visual tools for sustainable design and material selection, two new prototype tools for screening bio-plastic alternatives are designed with the advice and support of the engineers of a major U.S. manufacturer of agricultural equipment. Surveys and focus groups with the manufacturer’s engineers are conducted to improve the tools, and a first case study is completed to examine their usefulness.

Strategy for Developing a System for Sustainable Product Design and Manufacture

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devdas Shetty ◽  
Claudio Campana ◽  
Lou Manzione ◽  
Suhash Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Product Design ◽  
Robust Design ◽  
Sustainable Design ◽  
Sustainable Product Design ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Sustainable Product

Research studies confirm that embracing sustainability in product design and manufacturing not only yields environmental improvements, but offers key business benefits. There is an increasing pressure to adopt a more sustainable approach to product design and manufacture. Organizations that are actively engaged in sustainable product design and development cite impressive levels of improvement over their poorer performing peers in product innovation, quality, safety and revenue growth alongside anticipated environmental and energy gains. Sustainability in design and manufacturing has a lot to do with “doing better with less,” and embracing a broader view of product development, and examining full lifecycle of the product and the impact that its design, manufacture, performance and disposal can have across not only on business, but on the environment and society, as well. The process of rethinking a product’s design so that it is more durable contains fewer parts and easily packaged and recycled also drives innovation and quality. The goal of sustainable product design (SPD) is to produce products and/or to provide services, which are sustainable and achieve their required functionality, meet customer requirements and are cost effective. In other words, SPD is about producing superior products and/or services that fulfil traditional criteria as well as sustainability requirements. The requirement to develop sustainable product is one of the key challenges of 21st century. This paper describes a system that identifies sustainability related performance measures for products in terms of: a) Sustainable product design by robust design. b) Sustainable design by quality of service. The first case study is on a laser based measuring instrument which supports the theory of sustainable product by robust design techniques The objective of the robust design study is to find the optimum recommended factor setting for the surface roughness analyser to minimize the variability in the readings. This instrument relies on the spread of the laser light on the work piece to determine surface roughness; therefore, the analyser’s reliability depends primarily on everything involved with the laser and its path. There are a minimum number of parts to achieve this function since the laser can scan over the work piece, substituting functionality in place of additional parts. The use of surface roughness analyser for online measurement of surface finish and continuous online monitoring and control with a feedback provides the robustness in quality and sustainability. The second case study, which is on elevator quality of service, is considered to support the theory of sustainable design by quality of service. This example shows how the design considerations are influenced and closely linked to the quality of service and maintenance. To support the theory of sustainability by quality of service, this case study examines elevator design and maintenance and recommends a new procedure based on Root Couse Analysis resulting in Elevator Condition Index (ECI). ECI is a new procedure and is applied based on original equipment reliability, projected average life cycle of key wear components, number of run cycles since maintenance was last performed on each component, cost of emergency repair vs. cost of maintenance vs. likelihood of failure. It supports service based on prognostics rather than routine service cycles. Sustainable design and manufacturing is possible if we deploy the virtual engineering tools to monitor and service manufacturing machinery so that the sustainable benefits are maintained throughout the product design cycle. The choice of a workplace structure depends on the design of the parts and lot sizes to be manufactured as well as market factors, such as the responsiveness to changes. Designers should be aware of the manufacturing consequences of their decisions because minor design changes during the early stages often prevent major problems later. As a part of product performance evaluation, the use of capability index to maintain process quality can lead to beneficial results.

System Failures Due to Contamination Outgassing

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Nailos ◽  
Dan Stein ◽  
Victor G. Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Material Selection ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
System Failures ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
First Case ◽  
Limited Moisture ◽  
Analytical Tools

Abstract Contamination out gassing is the release of volatile compounds from a solid or liquid, often with the addition of heat. These compounds may condense as thin films on surfaces and cause oxidation, corrosion or contact resistance. Out gassing is more likely to be problematic in system environments in which the temperature is elevated and available oxygen is limited. Moisture in the environment may also be a contributing factor. The paper includes an investigation of three case studies of different types of contamination out gassing that led to system failures. The analytical tools and methods used to determine root cause will be discussed in each case. The first case study examines bridging conductive copper dendrites on a system cable used in a PC system related to the cable shipping materials. The second failure to be discussed is the corrosion of Ag conductor traces in a display panel due to out gassing of sulfur compounds from nearby foam cushioning pads. The third case will explore a DC motor failure due to siloxane out gassing from an adjacent foam pad. Prevention of out gassing can be controlled by material selection and supply chain management. There are also standard test methods that can be used to detect out gassing in suspect material. These methods can be used in conjunction with the specification as requirements for qualification of new materials. Two ASTM test methods, ASTM E-595-77/84 and ASTM E1559-03 pertain to contamination out gassing. This paper includes a discussion of both methods and their advantages and disadvantages as part of a test plan.

Perancangan dan Pembuatan Alat Bantu Meja Putar untuk Mesin Cnc 4 Axis

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-171
Author(s):  
Hafid Hafid ◽  
Tatang Sutisna
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Rotary Table ◽  
Engineering Process ◽  
Cnc Machine ◽  
Economical Analysis ◽  
Machining Center ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness

The design and manufacturing of the rotary table with the specification Ø 170 mm (6 inches) for CNC machine 4 axis has been done. The objective of manufacturing a rotary table is to increase the efficiency of CNC machine Hardford 4 axis to be above 80% in line machining center CV. IM’s workshop. The engineering methods was taken, consist of: working preparation, manufacturing of working drawing, engineering process, the manufacturing and testing. The prototype has been tested and operated, the resulting of increasing productivity of which were as follows: the process of assembling was increased to be 3 time ( before 1 time) and processing time for a specific case reduced from 5 hours to 3 hours, number of operators for the case of assembling the rotary reduced to 1 person (before 4 persons), safety and security become to be better. The results show increased efficiency of CNC machine Hardford, from under 50% to be above 80%. Based on the economical analysis obtained by the cost of good sold (C.G.S) of the rotary table is IDR 34.060.000. The results presented in this paper is expected to be case study for developing a business of the metal and engineering SMEs domestic to the effort of improving efficiency, quality, productivity and competitiveness in global market.ABSTRAKPerancangan dan pembuatan alat bantu meja putar (rotary table) dengan spesifikasi teknis Ø 170 mm (6 inci) untuk mesin CNC 4 axis telah dilakukan. Tujuan pembuatan rotary table adalah untuk meningkatkan efisiensi mesin CNC Hardford 4 axis di atas 80% pada line machining center Bengkel CV. IM. Metode rancang bangun yang dilakukan, meliputi: persiapan kerja, pembuatan gambar kerja, proses engineering, pembuatan dan uji coba. Prototip tersebut telah diuji coba dan dioperasikan dengan hasil peningkatan produktivitas sebagai berikut: proses pengerjaan bongkar pasang meningkat menjadi 3 kali (sebelumnya 1 kali) dan waktu pengerjaan untuk kasus tertentu berkurang dari 5 jam menjadi 3 jam, jumlah operator untuk kasus bongkar pasang rotary berkurang menjadi 1 orang (sebelumnya 4 orang), keselamatan kerja dan keamanan menjadi lebih baik. Hasil peningkatan berupa efisiensi mesin CNC Hardford 4 axis dari sebelumnya di bawah 50% menjadi di atas 80%. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan analisis ekonomi diperoleh harga pokok produksi (HPP) alat bantu meja putar adalah sebesar Rp. 34.060.000. Bahasan ini diharapkan menjadi contoh kasus bagi pengembangan usaha IKM logam dan mesin dalam negeri untuk meningkatkan efisiensi, mutu, produktivitas dan keunggulan daya saing di pasar global.Kata kunci: alat bantu meja putar, mesin CNC, harga pokok produksi

DESIGN-BUILD: AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR ARCHITECTURE STUDIO EDUCATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Mohareb ◽  
Sara Maassarani
Keyword(s):  
Material Selection ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Design Project ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Physical Scale ◽  
Design Build ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Education Process ◽  
Real Target

Current architecture studios are missing an important phase in the education process, which is constructing the students’ conceptual ideas on a real physical scale. The design-build approach enables the students to test their ideas, theories, material selection, construction methods, environmental constraints, simulation results, level of space functionality and other important aspects when used by real target clients in an existing context. This paper aims to highlight the importance of using the design-build method through discussing a design project case study carried out by the Masters of Architecture design programme students at Beirut Arab University, who have built prototype units for refugees on a 1:1 scale.

Scales and Units

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. de Luna
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
The North ◽  
First Case ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
River Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alternative Approaches

This chapter uses two case studies to explore how historians study language movement and change through comparative historical linguistics. The first case study stands as a short chapter in the larger history of the expansion of Bantu languages across eastern, central, and southern Africa. It focuses on the expansion of proto-Kafue, ca. 950–1250, from a linguistic homeland in the middle Kafue River region to lands beyond the Lukanga swamps to the north and the Zambezi River to the south. This expansion was made possible by a dramatic reconfiguration of ties of kinship. The second case study explores linguistic evidence for ridicule along the Lozi-Botatwe frontier in the mid- to late 19th century. Significantly, the units and scales of language movement and change in precolonial periods rendered visible through comparative historical linguistics bring to our attention alternative approaches to language change and movement in contemporary Africa.

Applications of random graphs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C.C. Coolen ◽  
A. Annibale ◽  
E.S. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Random Graphs ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Topological Features ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction Network

This chapter reviews graph generation techniques in the context of applications. The first case study is power grids, where proposed strategies to prevent blackouts have been tested on tailored random graphs. The second case study is in social networks. Applications of random graphs to social networks are extremely wide ranging – the particular aspect looked at here is modelling the spread of disease on a social network – and how a particular construction based on projecting from a bipartite graph successfully captures some of the clustering observed in real social networks. The third case study is on null models of food webs, discussing the specific constraints relevant to this application, and the topological features which may contribute to the stability of an ecosystem. The final case study is taken from molecular biology, discussing the importance of unbiased graph sampling when considering if motifs are over-represented in a protein–protein interaction network.

Investigating the potential of redundant manipulators in narrow channels

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440622096451
Author(s):  
Ashish Singla ◽  
Jyotindra Narayan ◽  
Himanshu Arora
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Redundant Manipulators ◽  
Redundancy Resolution ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Narrow Channels ◽  
First Case ◽  
Task Priority ◽  
Patient Side

In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the potential of redundant manipulators, while tracking trajectories in narrow channels. The behavior of redundant manipulators is important in many challenging applications like under-water welding in narrow tanks, checking the blockage in sewerage pipes, performing a laparoscopy operation etc. To demonstrate this snake-like behavior, redundancy resolution scheme is utilized using two different approaches. The first approach is based on the concept of task priority, where a given task is split and prioritize into several subtasks like singularity avoidance, obstacle avoidance, torque minimization, and position preference over orientation etc. The second approach is based on Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), where the training is provided through given datasets and the results are back-propagated using augmentation of neural networks with fuzzy logics. Three case studies are considered in this work to demonstrate the redundancy resolution of serial manipulators. The first case study of 3-link manipulator is attempted with both the approaches, where the objective is to track the desired trajectory while avoiding multiple obstacles. The second case study of 7-link manipulator, tracking trajectory in a narrow channel, is investigated using the concept of task priority. The realistic application of minimum-invasive surgery (MIS) based trajectory tracking is considered as the third case study, which is attempted using ANFIS approach. The 5-link spatial redundant manipulator, also known as a patient-side manipulator being developed at CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh is used to track the desired surgical cuts. Through the three case studies, it is well demonstrated that both the approaches are giving satisfactory results.

scholarly journals Sensitivity analysis for interpretation of machine learning based segmentation models in cardiac MRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus J. Ankenbrand ◽  
Liliia Shainberg ◽  
Michael Hock ◽  
David Lohr ◽  
Laura M. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cardiac Mri ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Model Interpretation ◽  
First Case ◽  
Segmentation Models

Abstract Background Image segmentation is a common task in medical imaging e.g., for volumetry analysis in cardiac MRI. Artificial neural networks are used to automate this task with performance similar to manual operators. However, this performance is only achieved in the narrow tasks networks are trained on. Performance drops dramatically when data characteristics differ from the training set properties. Moreover, neural networks are commonly considered black boxes, because it is hard to understand how they make decisions and why they fail. Therefore, it is also hard to predict whether they will generalize and work well with new data. Here we present a generic method for segmentation model interpretation. Sensitivity analysis is an approach where model input is modified in a controlled manner and the effect of these modifications on the model output is evaluated. This method yields insights into the sensitivity of the model to these alterations and therefore to the importance of certain features on segmentation performance. Results We present an open-source Python library (misas), that facilitates the use of sensitivity analysis with arbitrary data and models. We show that this method is a suitable approach to answer practical questions regarding use and functionality of segmentation models. We demonstrate this in two case studies on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The first case study explores the suitability of a published network for use on a public dataset the network has not been trained on. The second case study demonstrates how sensitivity analysis can be used to evaluate the robustness of a newly trained model. Conclusions Sensitivity analysis is a useful tool for deep learning developers as well as users such as clinicians. It extends their toolbox, enabling and improving interpretability of segmentation models. Enhancing our understanding of neural networks through sensitivity analysis also assists in decision making. Although demonstrated only on cardiac magnetic resonance images this approach and software are much more broadly applicable.

scholarly journals Novel filter bank-based cooperative spectrum sensing under practical challenges for beyond 5G cognitive radios

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sener Dikmese ◽  
Kishor Lamichhane ◽  
Markku Renfors
Keyword(s):  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Filter Bank ◽  
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Cognitive Radios ◽  
Spectrum Management ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
First Case ◽  
Channel Effects

AbstractCognitive radio (CR) technology with dynamic spectrum management capabilities is widely advocated for utilizing effectively the unused spectrum resources. The main idea behind CR technology is to trigger secondary communications to utilize the unused spectral resources. However, CR technology heavily relies on spectrum sensing techniques which are applied to estimate the presence of primary user (PU) signals. This paper firstly focuses on novel analysis filter bank (AFB) and FFT-based cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) techniques as conceptually and computationally simplified CSS methods based on subband energies to detect the spectral holes in the interesting part of the radio spectrum. To counteract the practical wireless channel effects, collaborative subband-based approaches of PU signal sensing are studied. CSS has the capability to relax the problems of both hidden nodes and fading multipath channels. FFT- and AFB-based receiver side sensing methods are applied for OFDM waveform and filter bank-based multicarrier (FBMC) waveform, respectively, the latter one as a candidate beyond-OFDM/beyond-5G scheme. Subband energies are then applied for enhanced energy detection (ED)-based CSS methods that are proposed in the context of wideband, multimode sensing. Our first case study focuses on sensing potential spectral gaps close to relatively strong primary users, considering also the effects of spectral regrowth due to power amplifier nonlinearities. The study shows that AFB-based CSS with FBMC waveform is able to improve the performance significantly. Our second case study considers a novel maximum–minimum energy detector (Max–Min ED)-based CSS. The proposed method is expected to effectively overcome the issue of noise uncertainty (NU) with remarkably lower implementation complexity compared to the existing methods. The developed algorithm with reduced complexity, enhanced detection performance, and improved reliability is presented as an attractive solution to counteract the practical wireless channel effects under low SNR. Closed-form analytic expressions are derived for the threshold and false alarm and detection probabilities considering frequency selective scenarios under NU. The validity of the novel expressions is justified through comparisons with respective results from computer simulations.

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