Smooth and Rough Turbulent Boundary Layers: A Look at Skin Friction, Pressure Gradient and Roughness

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Newhall ◽  
Raul Bayoan Cal ◽  
Brian Brzek ◽  
Gunnar Johansson ◽  
Luciano Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Skin Friction ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Rough Surfaces ◽  
Boundary Layer Equation ◽  
Roughness Parameter ◽  
Surface Boundary ◽  
Favorable Pressure Gradient ◽  
Momentum Integral

The skin friction for a turbulent boundary layer can be measured and calculated in several ways with varying degrees of accuracy. In particular, the methods of the velocity gradient at the wall, the integrated boundary layer equation and the momentum integral equation are evaluated for both smooth and rough surface boundary layers. These methods are compared to the oil film interferometry technique measurements for the case of smooth surface flows. The integrated boundary layer equation is found to be relatively reliable, and the values computed with this technique are used to investigate the effect of increasing external favorable pressure gradient for both smooth and rough surfaces, and increasing roughness parameter for the rough surfaces.

Investigation of the Laminar-Turbulent Transition of Boundary Layers Disturbed by Wakes

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pfeil ◽  
R. Herbst ◽  
T. Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Layer Transition ◽  
Turbulent Spots ◽  
Turbulent Transition ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Favorable Pressure Gradient

The boundary layer transition under instationary afflux conditions as present in the stages of turbomachines is investigated. A model for the transition process is introduced by means of time-space distributions of the turbulent spots during transition and schematic drawings of the instantaneous boundary layer thicknesses. To confirm this model, measurements of the transition with zero and favorable pressure gradient are performed.

Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Boundary Layers Under Favorable Pressure Gradient

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranav Joshi ◽  
Joseph Katz
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Skin Friction ◽  
Velocity Profiles ◽  
Skin Friction Coefficient ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Freestream Velocity ◽  
Favorable Pressure Gradient ◽  
The Mean

The goal of this research is to study the effect of favorable pressure gradient (FPG) on the near wall structures of a turbulent boundary layer on a smooth wall. 2D-PIV measurements have been performed in a sink flow, initially at a coarse resolution, to characterize the development of the mean flow and (under resolved) Reynolds stresses. Lack of self-similarity of mean velocity profiles shows that the boundary layer does not attain the sink flow equilibrium. In the initial phase of acceleration, the acceleration parameter, K = v/U2dU/dx, increases from zero to 0.575×10−6, skin friction coefficient decreases and mean velocity profiles show a log region, but lack universality. Further downstream, K remains constant, skin friction coefficient increases and the mean velocity profiles show a second log region away from the wall. In the initial part of the FPG region, all the Reynolds stress components decrease over the entire boundary layer. In the latter phase, they continue to decrease in the middle of the boundary layer, and increase significantly close to the wall (below y∼0.15δ), where they collapse when normalized with the local freestream velocity. Turbulence production and wallnormal transport, scaled with outer units, show self-similar profiles close to the wall in the constant K region. Spanwise-streamwise plane data shows evidence of low speed streaks in the log layer, with widths scaling with the boundary layer thickness.

Scaling of Favorable Pressure Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layers With Eventual Relaminarization

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rau´l Bayoa´n Cal ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
Luciano Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Reynolds Shear Stress ◽  
Velocity Profiles ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layers ◽  
Reynolds Stresses ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Favorable Pressure Gradient ◽  
The Mean

Applying similarity analysis to the RANS equations of motion for a pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer, Castillo and George [1] obtained the scalings for the mean deficit velocity and the Reynolds stresses. Following this analysis, Castillo and George studied favorable pressure gradient (FPG) turbulent boundary layers. They were able to obtain a single curve for FPG flows when scaling the mean deficit velocity profiles. In this study, FPG turbulent boundary layers are analyzed as well as relaminarized boundary layers subjected to an even stronger FPG. It is found that the mean deficit velocity profiles diminish when scaled using the Castillo and George [1] scaling, U∞, and the Zagarola and Smits [2] scaling, U∞δ*/δ. In addition, Reynolds stress data has been analyzed and it is found that the relaminarized boundary layer data decreases drastically in all components of the Reynolds stresses. Furthermore, it will be shown that the shape of the profile for the wall-normal and Reynolds shear stress components change drastically given the relaminarized state. Therefore, the mean velocity deficit profiles as well as Reynolds stresses are found to be necessary in order to understand not only FPG flows, but also relaminarized boundary layers.

Investigation of the Laminar-Turbulent Transition of Boundary Layers Disturbed by Wakes

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pfeil ◽  
R. Herbst ◽  
T. Schro¨der
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Layer Transition ◽  
Turbulent Spots ◽  
Turbulent Transition ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Favorable Pressure Gradient

The boundary layer transition under instationary afflux conditions as present in the stages of turbomachines is investigated. A model for the transition process is introduced by means of time-space distributions of the turbulent spots during transition and schematic drawings of the instantaneous boundary layer thicknesses. To confirm this model, measurements of the transition with zero and favorable pressure gradient are performed.

The effects of a favourable pressure gradient and of the Reynolds number on an incompressible axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer. Part 1. The turbulent boundary layer

1998 ◽  
Vol 359 ◽  
pp. 329-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. FERNHOLZ ◽  
D. WARNACK
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Skin Friction ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Reynolds Stresses ◽  
The Mean

The effects of a favourable pressure gradient (K[les ]4×10−6) and of the Reynolds number (862[les ]Reδ2[les ]5800) on the mean and fluctuating quantities of four turbulent boundary layers were studied experimentally and are presented in this paper and a companion paper (Part 2). The measurements consist of extensive hot-wire and skin-friction data. The former comprise mean and fluctuating velocities, their correlations and spectra, the latter wall-shear stress measurements obtained by four different techniques which allow testing of calibrations in both laminar-like and turbulent flows for the first time. The measurements provide complete data sets, obtained in an axisymmetric test section, which can serve as test cases as specified by the 1981 Stanford conference.Two different types of accelerated boundary layers were investigated and are described: in this paper (Part 1) the fully turbulent, accelerated boundary layer (sometimes denoted laminarescent) with approximately local equilibrium between the production and dissipation of the turbulent energy and with relaxation to a zero pressure gradient flow (cases 1 and 3); and in Part 2 the strongly accelerated boundary layer with ‘inactive’ turbulence, laminar-like mean flow behaviour (relaminarized), and reversion to the turbulent state (cases 2 and 4). In all four cases the standard logarithmic law fails but there is no single parametric criterion which denotes the beginning or the end of this breakdown. However, it can be demonstrated that the departure of the mean-velocity profile is accompanied by characteristic changes of turbulent quantities, such as the maxima of the Reynolds stresses or the fluctuating value of the skin friction.The boundary layers described here are maintained in the laminarescent state just up to the beginning of relaminarization and then relaxed to the turbulent state in a zero pressure gradient. The relaxation of the turbulence structure occurs much faster than in an adverse pressure gradient. In the accelerating boundary layer absolute values of the Reynolds stresses remain more or less constant in the outer region of the boundary layer in accordance with the results of Blackwelder & Kovasznay (1972), and rise both in the vincinity of the wall in conjunction with the rising wall shear stress and in the centre region of the boundary layer with the increase of production.

Separation Criterion for Turbulent Boundary Layers Via Similarity Analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Castillo ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
William K. George
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Boundary Layer Equation ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Adverse Pressure Gradient ◽  
Gradient Flows ◽  
Boundary Layer Equations ◽  
Gradient Parameter ◽  
Momentum Boundary Layer

By using the RANS boundary layer equations, it will be shown that the outer part of an adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer tends to remain in equilibrium similarity, even near and past separation. Such boundary layers are characterized by a single and constant pressure gradient parameter, Λ, and its value appears to be the same for all adverse pressure gradient flows, including those with eventual separation. Also it appears from the experimental data that the pressure gradient parameter, Λθ, is also approximately constant and given by Λθ=0.21±0.01. Using this and the integral momentum boundary layer equation, it is possible to show that the shape factor at separation also has to within the experimental uncertainty a single value: Hsep≅2.76±0.23. Furthermore, the conditions for equilibrium similarity and the value of Hsep are shown to be in reasonable agreement with a variety of experimental estimates, as well as the predictions from some other investigators.

Calculation of Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers on Rotor Blades Using Integral Methods

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Karimipanah ◽  
E. Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Skin Friction ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Rotating Flow ◽  
Momentum Thickness ◽  
Transonic Compressor ◽  
Integral Methods ◽  
Momentum Integral

The important effects of rotation and compressibility on rotor blade boundary layers are theoretically investigated. The calculations are based on the momentum integral method and results from calculations of a transonic compressor rotor are presented. Influence of rotation is shown by comparing the incompressible rotating flow with the stationary one. Influence of compressibility is shown by comparing the compressible rotating flow with the incompressible rotating one. Two computer codes for three-dimensional laminar and turbulent boundary layers, originally developed by SSPA Maritime Consulting AB, have been further developed by introducing rotation and compressibility terms into the boundary layer equations. The effect of rotation and compressibility on the transition have been studied. The Coriolis and centrifugal forces that contribute to the development of the boundary layers and influence its behavior generate crosswise flow inside the blade boundary layers, the magnitude of which depends upon the angular velocity of the rotor and the rotor geometry. The calculations show the influence of rotation and compressibility on the boundary layer parameters. Momentum thickness and shape factor increase with increasing rotation and decrease when compressible flow is taken into account. For skin friction such effects have inverse influences. The different boundary layer parameters behave similarly on the suction and pressure sides with the exception of the crossflow angle, the crosswise momentum thickness, and the skin friction factor. The codes use a nearly orthogonal streamline coordinate system, which is fixed to the blade surface and rotates with the blade.

scholarly journals Studies on Wake-Disturbed Boundary Layers Under the Influences of Favorable Pressure Gradient and Free-Stream Turbulence: Part I — Experimetal Setup and Discussions on Transition Model

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken-ichi Funazaki ◽  
Takashi Kitazawa ◽  
Kazuyuki Koizumi ◽  
Tadashi Tanuma
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Free Stream ◽  
Boundary Layer Transition ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Flat Plates ◽  
Layer Transition ◽  
Free Stream Turbulence ◽  
Favorable Pressure Gradient

The objective of this study is to investigate effects of favorable pressure gradient as well as free-stream turbulence upon wake-induced boundary layer transition on a flat plate. Likewise in the previous study by Funazaki (1996), a spoked-wheel type wake generator is employed in this study. Two identical flat plates with sharp edge are used as test model. One of them is for measurement of boundary layers over the test plate by use of a single hot-wire probe, and the other is provided with thin stainless-steel foils on the surface to measure wake-affected heat transfer along the surface. Free-stream turbulence intensities are controlled with several types of turbulence grids. Pressure gradients over the test surface are adjusted by changing an inclination angle of the plate located opposite to the test model. In Part I, transition models proposed by Mayle and Dullenkopf (1990b) and Funazaki (1996a, 1996b) are compared with the experimental data obtained in this study to examine how such a model succeeds or fails in predicting the wake-induced boundary layer transition under the influences of favorable pressure gradient with a low free-stream turbulence.

The Effect of Surface Roughness and Favorable Pressure Gradient on Turbulent Boundary Layers

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Hyun Shin ◽  
Seung Jin Song
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layers ◽  
Layer Growth ◽  
Rough Wall ◽  
Favorable Pressure Gradient

Rough wall turbulent boundary layers subjected to pressure gradient have engineering interest for many fluid machinery applications. A number of investigations have been made to understand surface roughness and pressure gradient effects on turbulent boundary layer characteristics, but separately. In this paper, turbulent boundary layers over a flat plate with surface roughness and favorable pressure gradient (FPG) are experimentally investigated. Boundary layers in different streamwise locations were measured using boundary layer type hot-wire anemometry. Rough wall zero pressure gradient (ZPG) turbulent boundary layers were also measured to compare the result from the investigation. The surface roughness was applied by attaching sandpapers on the flat plate. The magnitude of surface roughness is representative of land-based gas turbine compressor blade. Pressure gradient was adjusted using movable endwall of the test section. Results from the measurement show characteristics of the turbulent boundary layer growth affected by both surface roughness and favorable pressure gradient.

The Departure from Equilibrium of Turbulent Boundary Layers

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layers ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Momentum Integral ◽  
State Examination

SummaryRecently two authors, Nash and Goldberg, have suggested, intuitively, that the rate at which the shear stress distribution in an incompressible, two-dimensional, turbulent boundary layer would return to its equilibrium value is directly proportional to the extent of the departure from the equilibrium state. Examination of the behaviour of the integral properties of the boundary layer supports this hypothesis. In the present paper a relationship similar to the suggestion of Nash and Goldberg is derived from the local balance of the kinetic energy of the turbulence. Coupling this simple derived relationship to the boundary layer momentum and moment-of-momentum integral equations results in quite accurate predictions of the behaviour of non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layers in arbitrary adverse (given) pressure distributions.

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