Towards a Standard Taxonomy for Levels of Automation in Heavy-Duty Mobile Machinery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyrone Machado ◽  
Andrei Ahonen ◽  
Reza Ghabcheloo
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Collaborative Discourse ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
Mobile Machinery

Abstract Automated and autonomous systems change the nature of human interactions and their respective role within the systems. To characterize such changes, several domain specific levels of automation (LOA) taxonomies have been proposed over the years. The SAE J3016 levels for driving automation have been adopted as the de-facto standard in the automotive industry and the broader society. However, the heavy-duty mobile machinery (HDMM) industry does not have a commonly accepted LOA taxonomy, thereby relying on organizational specific LOA taxonomies adapted from SAE J3016. Moreover, HDMM handle and transport external materials in addition to driving tasks. Thus, SAE J3016 inadequately captures the manipulation operations of HDMM. This paper proposes a new LOA taxonomy for HDMM, to accommodate both, the manipulation and driving operations of HDMM. Building on the SAE J3016 taxonomy, the LOA in this paper is proposed as a two-dimensional 6 × 6 matrix, with machine manipulation operations on one dimension, and driving operations on the other. Thus, the LOA matrix could be generalized for HDMM in different application areas. The proposed LOA matrix could also serve as a guide and starting point for future standardized and collaborative discourse in HDMM research, development, and subsequent deployments.

scholarly journals Manajemen Mutu Input Kelompok Bimbingan Ibadah Haji Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-292
Author(s):  
Aep Kusnawan ◽  
Arif Rahman ◽  
Dede Lukman ◽  
Encep Dulwahab
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Management Standard ◽  
Quality Assurance Process ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Assurance Process

Hajj guidance group (KBIH) in Indonesia, still limited to quantity and have been not yet met the quality. One indication of the lack of quality of the KBIH is the quality management of inputs, namely the applied inputs and inputs of expectation. With good input and good, it can produce an out put that as expected. This study aims to determine the quality management of pilgrimage inputs by KBIH in Indonesia, represented by three regions, West Java, DKI Jakarta and South Sumatra. The method used in this research is case study with qualitative approach. This study shows that quality management for one dimension of input, especially in KBIH has not met the quality management standard. Implementation and embodiment is still limited to ideas, wishful thinking, and not conceptualized well. The results of this study have an impact on how the quality management of KBIH input in Indonesia should be implemented, so that with good input in KBIH, KBIH can improve the quality of Hajj in Indonesia. Input is a starting point in a quality assurance process, not to be ignored, underestimated, and considered not one of the important parts of quality management of its existence.Kelompok Bimbingan Ibadah Haji (KBIH) yang banyak berdiri di Indonesia, masih sebatas kuantitas belum memenuhi kualitas. Salah satu indikasi melihat kurangnya kualitas KBIH ialah pada manajemen mutu input, yaitu input terapan maupun input harapan. Dengan input yang baik dan bagus, maka bisa menghasilkan out put yang sesuai harapan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manajemen mutu input penyelenggaraan haji oleh KBIH di Indonesia, yang diwakili tiga wilayah, Jawa Barat, DKI Jakarta dan Sumatera Selatan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa manajemen mutu untuk satu dimensi input, khususnya di KBIH belum memenuhi standar manajemen mutu. Pelaksanaan dan perwujudannya masih sebatas ide, angan-angan, dan belum terkonsep dengan baik. Hasil penelitian ini berdampak pada bagaimana manajemen mutu input KBIH di Indonesia seharusnya diimplementasikan, sehingga dengan input yang baik dalam KBIH, KBIH bisa meningkatkan kualitas penyelenggaraan ibadah haji di Indonesia. Input merupakan starting point dalam sebuah proses jaminan mutu, jangan sampai diabaikan, disepelekan, dan dianggap bukan salah satu bagian manajemen mutu yang penting keberadaannya.

scholarly journals GrainAutLine: an Environment for Semi-Automatic Processing of Marble Thin Section Images

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Kristóf Csorba ◽  
Ádám Budai ◽  
Judit Zöldföldi ◽  
Balázs Székely
Keyword(s):  
Thin Section ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Basic Operation ◽  
Processing Application ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Automatic Image Processing ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Microscopy Image ◽  
Specific Step

GrainAutLine is an interdisciplinary microscopy image analysis tool with domain specific smart functions to partially automate the processing of marble thin section images. It allows the user to create a clean grain boundary image which is a starting point of several archaeometric and geologic analyses. The semi-automatic tools minimize the need for carefully drawing the grain boundaries manually, even in cases where twin crystals prohibit the use of classic edge detection based boundary detection. Due to the semi-automatic approach, the user has full control over the process and can modify the automatic results before finalizing a specific step. This approach guarantees high quality results both in cases where the process is easy to automate, and also if it needs more help from the user. This paper presents the basic operation of the system and details about the provided tools as a case study for an interdisciplinary, semi-automatic image processing application.

scholarly journals Electrified powertrains for wheel-driven non-road mobile machinery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Markus Ratzinger ◽  
Simon Buchberger ◽  
Helmut Eichlseder
Keyword(s):  
Global Assessment ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Hybrid Drive ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Parallel Hybrid ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Mobile Machinery ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Electric Powertrains

AbstractAlready enacted carbon-dioxide (CO2) limiting legislations for passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles, drive motivations to consider electrification also in the sector of non-road mobile machinery. Up to now, only the emissions of the vehicles themselves have been restricted. However, to capture the overall situation, a more global assessment approach is necessary. The study described in this article applies a tank-to-wheel and an extended well-to-wheel approach based on simulations to compare three different powertrains: a battery electric drive, a parallel electric hybrid drive, and a series electric hybrid drive. The results show that electrification is not per se the better solution in terms of keeping CO2 emissions at a minimum, as battery electric powertrains are accountable for the lowest as well as the highest possible CO2 emissions of all powertrains compared. A battery electric machine is not economically competitive if its battery has to last a whole working day. Parallel hybrid systems do not achieve much of an advantage in terms of CO2 emissions. In this global assessment approach, the most promising propulsion system for wheel-driven-mobile-machinery appears to be the series hybrid system, which shows to offer up to 20% of CO2 saving potential compared to the current machine.

scholarly journals Two Design Principles for the Design of Demonstrations to Enhance Structure–Property Reasoning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 504
Author(s):  
Marie-Jetta den Otter ◽  
Michiel Dam ◽  
Ludo Juurlink ◽  
Fred Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Chemistry Education ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Chemical Concepts ◽  
Practical Tool ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Specific Particle

Structure–property reasoning (SPR) is one of the most important aims of chemistry education but is seldom explicitly taught, and students find structure–property reasoning difficult. This study assessed two design principles for the development of structure–property reasoning in the context of demonstrations: (1) use of a POE task (predict–observe–explain) and (2) use of the domain-specific particle perspective, both to increase student engagement and to scaffold micro-level modeling. The aim of the demonstration series was to teach structure–property reasoning more explicitly to pre-university students (aged 15–16). Demonstrations pertained to the properties of metals, salts and molecular compounds. The SPR instrument was used as a pretest and posttest in order to gain insight into the effects on structure–property reasoning. In addition, one student (Sally) was followed closely to see how her structure–property reasoning evolved throughout the demonstrations. Results show that after the demonstrations students were more aware of the structure models at the micro-level. The students also knew and understood more chemical concepts needed for structure–property reasoning. Sally’s qualitative data additionally showed how she made interesting progress in modeling micro-level chemical structures. As we used conventional demonstrations as a starting point for design, this could well serve as a practical tool for teachers to redesign their existing demonstrations.

scholarly journals Functional specialization within the inferior parietal lobes across cognitive domains

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Numssen ◽  
Danilo Bzdok ◽  
Gesa Hartwigsen
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Task Specificity ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
Multivariate Pattern

The inferior parietal lobe (IPL) is a key neural substrate underlying diverse mental processes, from basic attention to language and social cognition, that define human interactions. Its putative domain-global role appears to tie into poorly understood differences between cognitive domains in both hemispheres. Across attentional, semantic, and social cognitive tasks, our study explored functional specialization within the IPL. The task specificity of IPL subregion activity was substantiated by distinct predictive signatures identified by multivariate pattern-learning algorithms. Moreover, the left and right IPL exerted domain-specific modulation of effective connectivity among their subregions. Task-evoked functional interactions of the anterior and posterior IPL subregions involved recruitment of distributed cortical partners. While anterior IPL subregions were engaged in strongly lateralized coupling links, both posterior subregions showed more symmetric coupling patterns across hemispheres. Our collective results shed light on how under-appreciated functional specialization in the IPL supports some of the most distinctive human mental capacities.

scholarly journals Teaching robots social autonomy from in situ human guidance

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (35) ◽  
pp. eaat1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Senft ◽  
Séverin Lemaignan ◽  
Paul E. Baxter ◽  
Madeleine Bartlett ◽  
Tony Belpaeme
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Generic Properties ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Social Autonomy

Striking the right balance between robot autonomy and human control is a core challenge in social robotics, in both technical and ethical terms. On the one hand, extended robot autonomy offers the potential for increased human productivity and for the off-loading of physical and cognitive tasks. On the other hand, making the most of human technical and social expertise, as well as maintaining accountability, is highly desirable. This is particularly relevant in domains such as medical therapy and education, where social robots hold substantial promise, but where there is a high cost to poorly performing autonomous systems, compounded by ethical concerns. We present a field study in which we evaluate SPARC (supervised progressively autonomous robot competencies), an innovative approach addressing this challenge whereby a robot progressively learns appropriate autonomous behavior from in situ human demonstrations and guidance. Using online machine learning techniques, we demonstrate that the robot could effectively acquire legible and congruent social policies in a high-dimensional child-tutoring situation needing only a limited number of demonstrations while preserving human supervision whenever desirable. By exploiting human expertise, our technique enables rapid learning of autonomous social and domain-specific policies in complex and nondeterministic environments. Last, we underline the generic properties of SPARC and discuss how this paradigm is relevant to a broad range of difficult human-robot interaction scenarios.

scholarly journals Single Pilot Operations in Domestic Commercial Aviation

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim-Phuong L. Vu ◽  
Joel Lachter ◽  
Vernol Battiste ◽  
Thomas Z. Strybel
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Ground Support ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Automation Tools ◽  
Further Development

Objective: To provide an overview of concepts of operation for single pilot operations (SPO) and a synthesis of recently published work evaluating these concepts. Background: Advances in technology have made it possible for a commercial aircraft to be flown by a single pilot under normal conditions, and research is being conducted to examine the feasibility of implementing SPO for commercial aviation. Method: Context leading up to the consideration of SPO for commercial flight is provided, including the benefits and challenges. Recent studies examining issues relating to automation, operations, and communications in the SPO context are presented. Results: A number of concepts have been proposed and tested for SPO, and no one concept has been shown to be superior. Single pilots were able to successfully resolve off-nominal scenarios with either the ground-support or cockpit-automation tools examined. However, the technologies developed in support of these concepts are in prototype forms and need further development. Conclusion: There have been no obvious “show stoppers” for moving toward SPO. However, the current state of research is in its initial stages, and more research is needed to examine other challenges associated with SPO. Moreover, human factors researchers must continue to be involved in the development of the new tools and technologies to support SPO to ensure their effectiveness. Application: The research issues highlighted in the context of SPO reflect issues that are associated with the process of reducing crew members or providing remote support of operators and, more generally, human interactions with increasingly autonomous systems.

scholarly journals On Motion Planning for Point-to-Point Maneuvers for a Class of Sailing Vehicles

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lin Xiao ◽  
Jerome Jouffroy
Keyword(s):  
Motion Planning ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Control Input ◽  
Path Generation ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Point Boundary ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Control Community ◽  
Point To Point

Despite their interesting dynamic and controllability properties, sailing vehicles have not been much studied in the control community. In this paper, we investigate motion planning of such vehicles. Starting from a simple dynamic model of sailing vessels in one dimension, this paper first considers their associated controllability issues, with the so-called no-sailing zone as a starting point, and it links them with a motion planning strategy using two-point boundary value problems as the main mathematical tool. This perspective is then expanded to do point-to-point maneuvers of sailing vehicles in the plane, that is, automatic path generation combined with computation of control input profiles. Simulations are presented to illustrate the potential of the approach.

A New Slip Algorithm for Use in Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation to Evaluate Anti Slip Control of Vehicles

2014 ◽  
Vol 490-491 ◽  
pp. 740-746
Author(s):  
Rolf Roskam ◽  
Elmar Engels
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Step Size ◽  
Wheel Slip ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Vehicle Controllers ◽  
Simulation Time

Hardware in the Loop (HIL) systems is widely used for testing vehicle controllers in automotive industry. But algorithms for simulation of the vehicle dynamics have to consider the special restrictions for HIL that is a fixed simulation time constant. Due to limitations of computing power the step size often is set to 1ms. Especially for calculation of the wheel slip this will cause a problem when speed starts from zero. Thats why a lot of authors propose a small vehicle speed at the beginning of the simulation. For evaluation of anti slip controllers in HIL systems this is not possible because stand still is the general starting point for the anti slip controller. Different ideas exist in literature to solve this problem but none of them consider the HIL restriction in an overall approach. In this paper a new algorithm for slip calculation is presented. Therefore two different approaches will be analyzed and combined to a new algorithm. Simulation results show the feasibility for HIL systems.

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