Abstract
The efficiency of CO2 water-alternating-gas (WAG) flooding is highly limited in low-permeability heavy oil reservoirs due to the viscosifying action of W/O emulsification and high mobility contrast between oil and CO2. Here we propose a new enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process which involves water-based nanofluid-alternating-CO2 (NWAG) injection, and investigate the synergistic effect of nanofluid and CO2 for enhancing heavy oil recovery. Firstly, the oil-nanofluid and oil-water emulsions were prepared, and the bulk rheology and interfacial properties of emulsion fluid were tested. Then, core flooding tests were conducted to examine the NWAG flooding efficiency and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that the bulk viscosity and viscoelasticity of oil-nanofluid emulsion reported much lower than those of oil-water emulsion, and nanofluid presented a positive contribution to the phase inversion from W/O to O/W emulsification. Compared with oil-water emulsion, the interfacial storage modulus of oil-nanofluid emulsion was obviously increased, which confirmed that more of crude oil heavy components with surface activity (e.g., resin and asphaltene) were adsorbed on interfacial film with the addition of silica nanoparticles (NPs). However, the interfacial viscosity of oil-nanofluid emulsion was much lower than that of oil-water emulsion, showing the irregularity of interfacial adsorption. This implied that the self-assembly structure of crude oil heavy component of the oil-water interface was destroyed due to the surface activity of silica NPs. During the core flooding experiments, NWAG injection could reduce the displacement pressure by 57.14% and increase oil recovery by 23.31% compared to WAG injection. By comparing produced-oil components after WAG and NWAG injection, we found that more of crude oil light components were extracted by CO2 during NWAG flooding, showing that the interaction between CO2 and crude oil was improved after oil-nanofluid emulsification. These findings clearly indicated two main EOR mechanisms of NWAG injection. One was the phase inversion during the nanofluid flooding process. The addition of silica NPs promoted phase-inversion emulsification and thus improved the displacement efficiency. The other was the enhanced interaction between CO2 and crude oil after oil-nanofluid emulsification. Because of the enhanced adsorption of crude oil heavy component on the oil-water interface, the proportion of light hydrocarbon increased in the bulk phase, and so the interaction between CO2 and oil phase was improved. This work could provide a new insight into the high-efficiency exploitation of low-permeability heavy oil reservoirs.
Variation of interfacial tension of the steam-foam drive in heavy oil reservoirs
