scholarly journals Biotransport in Optical Diagnostics, Imaging, and Therapy

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasan Venugopalan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Optical Contrast ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Optical Diagnostic ◽  
And Function ◽  
Invasive Measurement

Non-invasive characterization and manipulation of tissue structure and function across spatial scales is one of the most challenging problems facing the use of optical techniques in biomedicine. A broad technical goal for the use of optical methods is the non-invasive measurement and/or manipulation of tissue structure and function on the microscopic scale while preserving the ability to interrogate the largest possible tissue volume. This overall goal has resulted in a plethora of optical diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic methodologies that utilize specific light-tissue interactions and exploit various endogenous and/or exogenous optical contrast elements.

Coherence-domain optical methods for cell and tissue structure and function monitoring

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery V. Tuchin ◽  
Dmitry A. Zimnyakov ◽  
Garif G. Akchurin ◽  
Alexey A. Mishin ◽  
Irina L. Kon
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Flavonoids in Skin Senescence Prevention and Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6814
Author(s):  
Anna Domaszewska-Szostek ◽  
Monika Puzianowska-Kuźnicka ◽  
Alina Kuryłowicz
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Cancer Susceptibility ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Delayed Wound Healing ◽  
Secretory Phenotype ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
And Function ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Skin aging is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells and is related to many pathological changes, including decreased protection against pathogens, increased susceptibility to irritation, delayed wound healing, and increased cancer susceptibility. Senescent cells secrete a specific set of pro-inflammatory mediators, referred to as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which can cause profound changes in tissue structure and function. Thus, drugs that selectively eliminate senescent cells (senolytics) or neutralize SASP (senostatics) represent an attractive therapeutic strategy for age-associated skin deterioration. There is growing evidence that plant-derived compounds (flavonoids) can slow down or even prevent aging-associated deterioration of skin appearance and function by targeting cellular pathways crucial for regulating cellular senescence and SASP. This review summarizes the senostatic and senolytic potential of flavonoids in the context of preventing skin aging.

scholarly journals Using Tertiary Sulci to Map the “Cognitive Globe” of Prefrontal Cortex

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Miller ◽  
Mark D'Esposito ◽  
Kevin S. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
And Function

Stuss considered the human prefrontal cortex (pFC) as a “cognitive globe” [Stuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 3–28, 1984] on which functions of the frontal lobe could be mapped. Here, we discuss classic and recent findings regarding the evolution, development, function, and cognitive role of shallow indentations or tertiary sulci in pFC, with the goal of using tertiary sulci to map the “cognitive globe” of pFC. First, we discuss lateral pFC (LPFC) tertiary sulci in classical anatomy and modern neuroimaging, as well as their development, with a focus on those within the middle frontal gyrus. Second, we discuss tertiary sulci in comparative neuroanatomy, focusing on primates. Third, we summarize recent findings showing the utility of tertiary sulci for understanding structural–functional relationships with functional network insights in ventromedial pFC and LPFC. Fourth, we revisit and update unresolved theoretical perspectives considered by C. Vogt and O. Vogt (Allgemeinere ergebnisse unserer hirnforschung. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, 25, 279–462, 1919) and F. Sanides (Structure and function of the human frontal lobe. Neuropsychologia, 2, 209–219, 1964) that tertiary sulci serve as landmarks for cortical gradients. Together, the consideration of these classic and recent findings indicate that tertiary sulci are situated in a unique position within the complexity of the “cognitive globe” of pFC: They are the smallest and shallowest of sulci in pFC, yet can offer insights that bridge spatial scales (microns to networks), modalities (functional connectivity to behavior), and species. As such, the map of tertiary sulci within each individual participant serves as a coordinate system specific to that individual on which functions may be further mapped. We conclude with new theoretical and methodological questions that, if answered in future research, will likely lead to mechanistic insight regarding the structure and function of human LPFC.

Repair and recovery mechanisms following critical illness

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Bellingan ◽  
Brijesh V. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Critical Illness ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Inflammatory Activation ◽  
Recovery Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

Inflammation is the beneficial host response to foreign challenge or tissue injury that ultimately leads to the restoration of tissue structure and function. Critical illness is associated with an overwhelming and prolonged inflammatory activation. Resolution of the inflammatory response is an active process that requires removal of the inciting stimuli, cessation of the pro-inflammatory response, a timely coordinated removal of tissue leukocyte infiltration, a conversion from ‘toxic’ to reparative tissue environment, and restoration of normal tissue structure and function. Mortality may result from deficits in these resolution mechanisms. Improved delivery of critical care through prevention of harm and removal of stimuli has already delivered significant mortality benefits. Most critically-ill patients present with uncontrolled inflammation, hence anti-inflammatory strategies ameliorating this response are likely to be too late and thus futile. Rather, strategies augmenting endogenous pathways involved in the control and appropriate curtailment of such inflammatory responses may promote resolution, repair, and catabasis. Recent evidence showing that inflammation does not simply ‘fizzle out’, but its resolution involves an active and coordinated series of events. Dysfunction of these resolution checkpoints alters the normal inflammatory pathway, and is implicated in the induction and maintenance of states such as ARDS and sepsis. Improved understanding of resolution biology should provide translational pathways to not only improve survival, but also to prevent long-term morbidity resulting from tissue damage.

Functional biomedical hydrogels for in vivo imaging

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (48) ◽  
pp. 7793-7812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kewen Lei ◽  
Qian Ma ◽  
Lin Yu ◽  
Jiandong Ding
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
In Vivo Imaging ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Function

In vivo imaging of biomedical hydrogels enables real-time and non-invasive visualization of the status of structure and function of hydrogels.

scholarly journals ADVANCED OPTICAL TECHNIQUES TO EXPLORE BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2013 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 1230002 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. SILVESTRI ◽  
A. L. ALLEGRA MASCARO ◽  
J. LOTTI ◽  
L. SACCONI ◽  
F. S. PAVONE
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Optical Techniques ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Light Sheet Microscopy ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
And Function

Understanding brain structure and function, and the complex relationships between them, is one of the grand challenges of contemporary sciences. Thanks to their flexibility, optical techniques could be the key to explore this complex network. In this manuscript, we briefly review recent advancements in optical methods applied to three main issues: anatomy, plasticity and functionality. We describe novel implementations of light-sheet microscopy to resolve neuronal anatomy in whole fixed brains with cellular resolution. Moving to living samples, we show how real-time dynamics of brain rewiring can be visualized through two-photon microscopy with the spatial resolution of single synaptic contacts. The plasticity of the injured brain can also be dissected through cutting-edge optical methods that specifically ablate single neuronal processes. Finally, we report how nonlinear microscopy in combination with novel voltage sensitive dyes allow optical registrations of action potential across a population of neurons opening promising prospective in understanding brain functionality. The knowledge acquired from these complementary optical methods may provide a deeper comprehension of the brain and of its unique features.

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