Biaxial Mechanical Testing of Porcine Sclera Using Ultrasound Speckle Tracking for Strain Measurement

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and is associated with characteristic optic nerve damage (Clark 2012). Intraocular pressure (IOP) induced deformation of the optic nerve head (ONH) and posterior sclera may be involved in the etiology of glaucomatous damage.

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An Overview of Glaucoma: Bidirectional Translation between Humans and Pre-Clinical Animal Models

10.5772/intechopen.97145 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sophie Pilkinton ◽

T.J. Hollingsworth ◽

Brian Jerkins ◽

Monica M. Jablonski

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Optic Nerve ◽

Animal Models ◽

Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽

Optic Nerve Head ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Retinal Ganglion ◽

Glaucomatous Damage

Glaucoma is a multifactorial, polygenetic disease with a shared outcome of loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, which ultimately results in blindness. The most common risk factor of this disease is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), although many glaucoma patients have IOPs within the normal physiological range. Throughout disease progression, glial cells in the optic nerve head respond to glaucomatous changes, resulting in glial scar formation as a reaction to injury. This chapter overviews glaucoma as it affects humans and the quest to generate animal models of glaucoma so that we can better understand the pathophysiology of this disease and develop targeted therapies to slow or reverse glaucomatous damage. This chapter then reviews treatment modalities of glaucoma. Revealed herein is the lack of non-IOP-related modalities in the treatment of glaucoma. This finding supports the use of animal models in understanding the development of glaucoma pathophysiology and treatments.

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Treatment with Bifemelane for Optic Nerve Damage following High Intraocular Pressure in Rat Eyes

European Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/112067219600600413 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 415-420

Author(s):

M. Adachi ◽

K. Takahashi ◽

K. Yuge ◽

M. Nishikawa ◽

H. Miki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Optic Nerve ◽

Nerve Damage ◽

Optic Nerve Damage

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Relationship Between Optic Nerve Head Drusen Volume and Structural and Functional Optic Nerve Damage

Journal of Glaucoma ◽

10.1097/ijg.0000000000000783 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (12) ◽

pp. 1095-1100 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Alon Skaat ◽

Stephanie Muylaert ◽

Rachel S. Mogil ◽

Rafael L. Furlanetto ◽

Camila F. Netto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optic Nerve ◽

Optic Nerve Head ◽

Nerve Damage ◽

Optic Nerve Damage ◽

Optic Nerve Head Drusen

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Reversibility of optic nerve damage in primate eyes subjected to intraocular pressure above systolic blood pressure.

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjo.65.10.661 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 65 (10) ◽

pp. 661-672 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

R L Radius ◽

D R Anderson

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Optic Nerve ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Nerve Damage ◽

Optic Nerve Damage

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The Effect of Nonlinear Scleral Properties on Optic Nerve Head Biomechanics

ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference ◽

10.1115/sbc2007-176251 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Armin Eilaghi ◽

Ian A. Sigal ◽

Christian G. Olesen ◽

Inka Tertinegg ◽

John G. Flanagan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Optic Nerve ◽

Optic Nerve Head ◽

Progressive Damage ◽

Ocular Diseases ◽

Glaucomatous Damage ◽

Elevated Intraocular Pressure ◽

Biomechanical Factors

Glaucoma is a group of potentially blinding ocular diseases caused by gradual and progressive damage to the optic nerve, and is usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) [1]. This damage occurs at the optic nerve head (ONH), the site where the optic nerve axons leave the posterior eye. IOP-related biomechanical factors are hypothesized to play a key role in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous damage [2].

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A review of pharmacological therapy for glaucoma

African Vision and Eye Health ◽

10.4102/aveh.v64i3.227 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

Author(s):

S.D. Mathebula

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Optic Nerve ◽

Open Angle Glaucoma ◽

Pharmacological Therapy ◽

Nerve Damage ◽

Causative Role ◽

Optic Nerve Damage ◽

Low Tension Glaucoma ◽

Standard Devia ◽

Low Tension

Glaucoma is a chronic or acute disease in which optic nerve damage occurs in a characteristic way. In primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), the manifestations of the optic nerve damage include visible excavation that develops in the optic nerve head and regions of the retina lose ability to detect all the elements that go into the total sensory prod-uct called vision.1, 2 When these regions worsen and enlarge to coalesce, the result is blindness.The intraocular pressure (IOP) has a causative role in producing the damage. All eyes have an in-ternal pressure to keep them inﬂated, perhaps 17 mmHg on the average, ± 5 mmHg standard devia-tion. In at least two thirds of the eyes that suffer glaucomatous damage, the intraocular pressure is high, at least a bit above the pressure found in 95% of the non-glaucomatous population. The cut-off is in the region of 20 to 22 mmHg used by most deﬁnitions.2 However, a normal or even low intra-ocular pressure can be harmful to some eyes, and when it is, the person has normal or low tension glaucoma. The traditional treatment of glaucoma has logically been to lower the intraocular pres-sure, to prevent further damage to the optic nerve, though previous damage is not undone.

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The Clinical Features of Graves’ Orbitopathy with Elevated Intraocular Pressure

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2021/9879503 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Shu-Xian Fan ◽

Peng Zeng ◽

Zi-Jing Li ◽

Jing Wang ◽

Jia-Qi Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Optic Nerve ◽

Thyroid Disease ◽

Visual Fields ◽

Nerve Damage ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Optic Nerve Damage ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Elevated Intraocular Pressure ◽

Graves Orbitopathy

Background. To investigate the clinical characteristics of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) using the European Group of Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) system. Methods. In this retrospective study, the clinical data of GO patients with elevated IOP (≥21 mmHg) were collected in Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital from January 2010 to June 2016. The demographic characteristics, clinical history of thyroid disease and GO, and ocular examination data were evaluated, and the activity and severity of GO were classified. Results. Data were collected from 58 eyes of 39 patients. The durations of thyroid disease and GO were 15.9 ± 18.9 months and 7.5 ± 6.2 months, respectively. The average IOP was 24.8 ± 5.3 mmHg (range: 21–55 mmHg). No significant difference in IOP was observed between active and inactive eyes. Eight eyes (13.8%), 29 eyes (50.0%), and 21 eyes (36.2%) were graded as mild, moderate-severe, and sight-threatening disease, respectively, according to the EUGOGO classification. The IOP was not significantly different among the three EUGOGO grades. No glaucomatous optic nerve damage or visual field defects were found. Conclusion. Increased IOP was evident for every grade of GO severity and activity of the EUGOGO system. IOP, glaucomatous optic nerve damage, and visual fields must be evaluated regularly during follow-up evaluations, regardless of the degree of activity and severity of GO.

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