The relationship between ipsilateral cochlear gain reduction and speech-in-noise recognition at positive and negative signal-to-noise ratios

2021 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 3449-3461
Author(s):  
Kristina DeRoy Milvae ◽  
Joshua M. Alexander ◽  
Elizabeth A. Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Gain Reduction ◽  
Cochlear Gain ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Signal

Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Resolution Image ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

Grain separation enhanced magnetic coercivity in Pt/Co multilayers.

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1038-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Bertero ◽  
R. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Remanent Magnetization ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Uniaxial Anisotropy ◽  
Magnetic Coupling ◽  
Recording Media ◽  
Magnetic Media ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Longitudinal Recording ◽  
The Relationship

Pt/Co multilayers displaying perpendicular (out-of-plane) magnetic anisotropy and 100% perpendicular remanent magnetization are strong candidates as magnetic media for the next generation of magneto-optic recording devices. The magnetic coercivity, Hc, and uniaxial anisotropy energy, Ku, are two important materials parameters, among others, in the quest to achieving higher recording densities with acceptable signal to noise ratios (SNR). The relationship between Ku and Hc in these films is not a simple one since features such as grain boundaries, for example, can have a strong influence on Hc but affect Ku only in a secondary manner. In this regard grain boundary separation provides a way to minimize the grain-to-grain magnetic coupling which is known to result in larger coercivities and improved SNR as has been discussed extensively in the literature for conventional longitudinal recording media.We present here results from the deposition of two Pt/Co/Tb multilayers (A and B) which show significant differences in their coercive fields.

Behavioral explorations of cochlear gain reduction

2014 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 2384-2384
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Strickland ◽  
Elin Roverud ◽  
Kristina DeRoy Milvae
Keyword(s):  
Gain Reduction ◽  
Cochlear Gain

Development of a quick speech-in-noise test for measuring signal-to-noise ratio loss in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners

2004 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 2395-2405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mead C. Killion ◽  
Patricia A. Niquette ◽  
Gail I. Gudmundsen ◽  
Lawrence J. Revit ◽  
Shilpi Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Noise Test ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Measuring Signal

Speech in noise testing before and after grommet insertion

2012 ◽  
Vol 126 (10) ◽  
pp. 1010-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Possamai ◽  
G Kirk ◽  
A Scott ◽  
D Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Noise Test ◽  
Noise Ratio

AbstractObjectives:To assess the feasibility of designing and implementing a speech in noise test in children before and after grommet insertion, and to analyse the results of such a test in a small group of children.Methods:Twelve children aged six to nine years who were scheduled to undergo grommet insertion were identified. They underwent speech in noise testing before and after grommet insertion. This testing used Arthur Boothroyd word lists read at 60 dB in four listening conditions presented in a sound field: firstly in quiet conditions, then in signal to noise ratios of +10 (50 dB background noise), 0 (60 dB) and −10 (70 dB).Results:Mean phoneme scores were: in quiet conditions, 28.1 pre- and 30 post-operatively (p = 0.04); in 50 dB background noise (signal to noise ratio +10), 24.2 pre- and 29 post-operatively (p < 0.01); in 60 dB background noise (signal to noise ratio 0), 22.6 pre- and 27.5 post-operatively (p = 0.06); and in 70 dB background noise (signal to noise ratio −10), 13.9 pre- and 21 post-operatively (p = 0.05).Conclusion:This small study suggests that speech in noise testing is feasible in this scenario. Our small group of children demonstrated a significant improvement in speech in noise scores following grommet insertion. This is likely to translate into a significant advantage in the educational environment.

scholarly journals Assessing the relationship between neural health measures and speech performance with simultaneous electric stimulation in cochlear implant listeners

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261295
Author(s):  
Florian Langner ◽  
Julie G. Arenberg ◽  
Andreas Büchner ◽  
Waldo Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Speech Understanding ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Speech Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Offset Effect

Objectives The relationship between electrode-nerve interface (ENI) estimates and inter-subject differences in speech performance with sequential and simultaneous channel stimulation in adult cochlear implant listeners were explored. We investigated the hypothesis that individuals with good ENIs would perform better with simultaneous compared to sequential channel stimulation speech processing strategies than those estimated to have poor ENIs. Methods Fourteen postlingually deaf implanted cochlear implant users participated in the study. Speech understanding was assessed with a sentence test at signal-to-noise ratios that resulted in 50% performance for each user with the baseline strategy F120 Sequential. Two simultaneous stimulation strategies with either two (Paired) or three sets of virtual channels (Triplet) were tested at the same signal-to-noise ratio. ENI measures were estimated through: (I) voltage spread with electrical field imaging, (II) behavioral detection thresholds with focused stimulation, and (III) slope (IPG slope effect) and 50%-point differences (dB offset effect) of amplitude growth functions from electrically evoked compound action potentials with two interphase gaps. Results A significant effect of strategy on speech understanding performance was found, with Triplets showing a trend towards worse speech understanding performance than sequential stimulation. Focused thresholds correlated positively with the difference required to reach most comfortable level (MCL) between Sequential and Triplet strategies, an indirect measure of channel interaction. A significant offset effect (difference in dB between 50%-point for higher eCAP growth function slopes with two IPGs) was observed. No significant correlation was observed between the slopes for the two IPGs tested. None of the measures used in this study correlated with the differences in speech understanding scores between strategies. Conclusions The ENI measure based on behavioral focused thresholds could explain some of the difference in MCLs, but none of the ENI measures could explain the decrease in speech understanding with increasing pairs of simultaneously stimulated electrodes in processing strategies.

scholarly journals Investigating Quick Speech-in-Noise Comprehension in Adult Bimodal Users

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javad Fakhri ◽  
Nematollah Rouhbakhsh ◽  
Reza Hoseinabadi ◽  
Farzaneh Fatahi ◽  
Mahsa Sepehernejad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
The Right ◽  
Technological Limitations

Introduction: The use of cochlear implants, due to technological limitations, causes problems in speech comprehension in the presence of noise. This study aimed to evaluate the speech-in- noise (SIN) comprehension with emphasis on high-frequency components between users of different bimodal adult. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 33 adult participants with a mean age of 36 years using bimodal (cochlear implant in one ear and hearing aid in another ear: CI/HA) style of different companies. Quick SIN with emphasis on high-frequency components was performed on the participants using an audiometer, an amplifier, and one speaker. Results: Comparing the average percentage of correct answers from the word recognition test in the presence of noise in bimodal users showed that the Cochlear brand provides a better signal-to-noise (SNR) compare to other brands. Our result shows that bimodal users of Advance bionic and Med-El groups have better performance in speech recognition than other brands. Conclusion: Bimodal users of Advance bionic and Med-El have better SNR loss than other brands. Besides, further studies on different ages can be helpful to make the right decision in this regard.

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