Intracyclic Velocity Variation and Arm Coordination Assessment in Swimmers With Down Syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Marques-Aleixo ◽  
Ana Querido ◽  
Pedro Figueiredo ◽  
João Paulo Vilas-Boas ◽  
Rui Corredeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Arm Coordination ◽  
Nonpreferred Side

This study examined the differences in intracycle velocity variation and arm coordination in front crawl in swimmers with Down syndrome in three breathing conditions. International swimmers with Down syndrome (N = 16) performed 3 × 20 m front crawl at 50 m race speed: without breathing, breathing to the preferred side, and breathing to the nonpreferred side. A two dimensional video movement analysis was performed using the APASystem. Breathing conditions were compared using Repeated Measures ANOVA. Swimming velocity was higher without breathing and intracyclic velocity variation was higher while breathing. Swimmers tended to a catch up arm coordination mode for both breathing conditions and a superposition mode when not breathing. These data reflect arm coordination compromising swimming performance, particularly when comparing with non disabled swimmers in literature. The physical and perhaps cognitive impairment associated with Down syndrome may result in a disadvantage in both propulsion and drag, more evident when breathing.

scholarly journals The Impact of Immediate Verbal Feedback on the Improvement of Swimming Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Zatoń ◽  
Stefan Szczepan
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Kinematic Parameter ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Verbal Feedback ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Distance ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe present research attempts to ascertain the impact of immediate verbal feedback (IVF) on modifications of stroke length (SL). In all swimming styles, stroke length is considered an essential kinematic parameter of the swimming cycle. It is important for swimming mechanics and energetics. If SL shortens while the stroke rate (SR) remains unchanged or decreases, the temporal-spatial structure of swimming is considered erroneous. It results in a lower swimming velocity. Our research included 64 subjects, who were divided into two groups: the experimental - E (n=32) and the control - C (n=32) groups. A pretest and a post-test were conducted. The subjects swam the front crawl over the test distance of 25m at Vmax. Only the E group subjects were provided with IVF aiming to increase their SL. All tests were filmed by two cameras (50 samples•s-1). The kinematic parameters of the swimming cycle were analyzed using the SIMI Reality Motion Systems 2D software (SIMI Reality Motion Systems 2D GmbH, Germany). The movement analysis allowed to determine the average horizontal swimming velocity over 15 meters. The repeated measures analysis of variance ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey range test demonstrated statistically significant (p<0.05) differences between the two groups in terms of SL and swimming velocity. IVF brought about a 6.93% (Simi method) and a 5.09% (Hay method) increase in SL, as well as a 2.92% increase in swimming velocity.

Intracyclic Variation of Force and Swimming Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 897-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro G. Morouço ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa ◽  
Raul Arellano ◽  
João P. Vilas-Boas
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
High Level ◽  
Maximal Effort

Context: In front-crawl swimming, the upper limbs perform alternating movements with the aim of achieving a continuous application of force in the water, leading to lower intracyclic velocity variation (dv). This parameter has been identified as a crucial criterion for swimmers’ evaluation. Purpose: To examine the assessment of intracyclic force variation (dF) and to analyze its relationship with dv and swimming performance. Methods: A total of 22 high-level male swimmers performed a maximal-effort 50-m front-crawl time trial and a 30-s maximal-effort fully tethered swimming test, which were randomly assigned. Instantaneous velocity was obtained by a speedometer and force by a strain-gauge system. Results: Similarity was observed between the tests, with dF attaining much higher magnitudes than dv (P < .001; d = 8.89). There were no differences in stroke rate or in physiological responses between tethered and free swimming, with a high level of agreement for the stroke rate and blood lactate increase. Swimming velocity presented a strong negative linear relationship with dF (r = −.826, P < .001) and a moderate negative nonlinear relationship with dv (r = .734, P < .01). With the addition of the maximum impulse to dF, multiple-regression analysis explained 83% of the free-swimming performance. Conclusions: Assessing dF is a promising approach for evaluating a swimmer’s performance. From the experiments, this new parameter showed that swimmers with higher dF also present higher dv, leading to a decrease in performance.

scholarly journals Intracyclic Velocity Variation and Arm Coordination for Different Skilled Swimmers in the Front Crawl

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Matsuda ◽  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Yasushi Ikuta ◽  
Teruo Nomura ◽  
Shingo Oda
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Arm Coordination ◽  
Stroke Cycle

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine whether the intracyclic velocity variation (IVV) was lower in elite swimmers than in beginner swimmers at various velocities, and whether differences may be related to arm coordination. Seven elite and nine beginner male swimmers swam front crawl at four different swimming velocities (maximal velocity, 75%, 85%, and 95% of maximal swimming velocity). The index of arm coordination (IDC) was calculated as the lag time between the propulsive phases of each arm. IVV was determined from the coefficient of variation of horizontal velocity within one stroke cycle. IVV for elite swimmers was significantly lower (26%) than that for beginner swimmers at all swimming velocities . In contrast, the IDC was similar between elite and beginner swimmers. These data suggest that IVV is a strong predictor of the skill level for front crawl, and that elite swimmers have techniques to decrease IVV. However, the IDC does not contribute to IVV differences between elite and beginner swimmers.

Front Crawl Intracyclic Velocity Variation Of The Hip In Swimmers With Down Syndrome

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Pedro Figueiredo ◽  
Inês Aleixo ◽  
António Castro ◽  
João Brito ◽  
Rui Corredeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Front Crawl

scholarly journals Biomechanical characterization of swimmers with physical disabilities

Motricidade ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdir Junior ◽  
Alexandre Medeiros ◽  
Kelly Jesus ◽  
Nuno Domingos Garrido ◽  
Rui Corredeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Stroke Frequency ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Functional Classes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Incremental Protocol

The evaluation of swimming technique is one of the main aspects to be considered in any training program, with biomechanics being an important source of knowledge. It was our objective to characterize the biomechanical parameters (SL and SF) relating them to the swimming velocity (v) at different intensities and to analyze within each swimming stroke cycle the intra-cyclic velocity variation (IVV) in a group of motor disabled swimmers. Eight disabled male swimmers (25.83 ± 2.93 years old, 72.45 ± 9.26 kg body mass and 1.79 ± 0.11 m of height) of the following functional classes: S6 (n = 1), S8 (n = 2) and S9 (n = 5) participated in this study. Swimmers were evaluated in the kinematic parameters v, stroke frequency (SF) and stroke length (SL) along with an incremental protocol of 6 x 200 m in the the crawl stroke. Data were registered in each step at the distances of 100 and 175 m. With increasing velocity, the mean values of SL decreased while the mean values of SF increased. To achieve higher swimming velocities, swimmers compensated the lack of the propulsive segment increasing SF to increase swimming speed. For the mean values of IVV at 100m distance, a decrease between the first and second levels, followed by a tendency to stabilize from the 2nd to the 6th level is presented. For the 175 m distance, there was a decrease in IVV with an increase in swimming velocity. Stroke frequency is directly related to the magnitude of IVV, which directly influences swimming performance.

scholarly journals Transfer of Dry-Land Resistance Training Modalities to Swimming Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
Jerzy Sadowski ◽  
Andrzej Mastalerz ◽  
Wilhelm Gromisz
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Training Modalities

Abstract A great number of studies focusing on the effects of dry-land resistance training interventions on swimming performance remain inconclusive. It is suggested that transferability of dry-land strength gains to swimming performance appear when dry-land resistance training programs are swim-specific. The main aim of this study was to compare the effects of specific dry-land resistance training on an ergometer with traditional dry-land exercises, and to determine how much of the resistance training effects were transferred to specific swimming conditions. The study included a group of 26 youth competitive male swimmers (age 15.7 ± 0.5 years, height 174.6 ± 6.6 cm, weight 68.4 ± 8.2 kg, training experience 5.8±0.7 years) of regional level. They were randomly allocated to one of two groups: experimental (E) and control (T). Both groups were involved in a 12-week dry-land resistance training concentrated on increasing muscular strength and power output of the upper limbs. Group E used a specialized ergometer (JBA – Zbigniew Staniak), while group T performed traditional resistance exercises. The program consisted of 10 sets of 30 s of exercise with 30 s rest intervals between each set. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc comparisons was used to determine if any significant differences existed between training groups across pretest and posttest conditions. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Dry-land resistance training modalities were the only differences in training between both groups. Our findings show that rates of transfer are much higher in group E than in group T, which resulted in a significant increase in swimming velocity (by 4.32%, p<0.001; ES=1.23, and 2.78%, p<0.003, ES=0.31, respectively).

scholarly journals Relative Contribution of Arms and Legs in 30 s Fully Tethered Front Crawl Swimming

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro G. Morouço ◽  
Daniel A. Marinho ◽  
Mikel Izquierdo ◽  
Henrique Neiva ◽  
Mário C. Marques
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Relative Contribution

The relative contribution of arm stroke and leg kicking to maximal fully tethered front crawl swimming performance remains to be solved. Twenty-three national level young swimmers (12 male and 11 female) randomly performed 3 bouts of 30 s fully tethered swimming (using the whole body, only the arm stroke, and only the leg kicking). A load-cell system permitted the continuous measurement of the exerted forces, and swimming velocity was calculated from the time taken to complete a 50 m front crawl swim. As expected, with no restrictions swimmers were able to exert higher forces than that using only their arm stroke or leg kicking. Estimated relative contributions of arm stroke and leg kicking were 70.3% versus 29.7% for males and 66.6% versus 33.4% for females, with 15.6% and 13.1% force deficits, respectively. To obtain higher velocities, male swimmers are highly dependent on the maximum forces they can exert with the arm stroke (r=0.77,P<0.01), whereas female swimmers swimming velocity is more related to whole-body mean forces (r=0.81,P<0.01). The obtained results point that leg kicking plays an important role over short duration high intensity bouts and that the used methodology may be useful to identify strength and/or coordination flaws.

scholarly journals The influence of different hand paddle size on 100-m front crawl kinematics

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel López-Plaza ◽  
Fernando Alacid ◽  
Pedro A. López-Miñarro ◽  
José M. Muyor
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different sizes of hand paddles on kinematicparameters during a 100 m freestyle swimming performance in elite swimmers. Nine elite swimmers (19.1 ± 1.9 years)completed three tests of 100 m without paddles, with small paddles (271.27 cm2) and with large paddles (332.67 cm2),respectively. One video camera was used to record the performance during the three trials. The mean swimmingvelocity, stroke rate and stroke length were measured in the central 10 meters of each 50 m length. The results showedthat stroke length tended to increase significantly when wearing hand paddles (p < 0.05) during both the first andsecond 50 m sections whereas the increase in swimming velocity occurred only in the second 50 m (p < 0.05).Conversely, the stroke rate showed a slight decreasing trend with increasing paddle size. During the 100 m freestyletrial the stroke kinematics were changed significantly as a result of the increase in propelling surface size when handpaddles were worn.

scholarly journals Kinematic Variables of Disabled Swimmers and Their Correlation With the International Paralympic Committee Classification

Motor Control ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Karini Borges dos Santos ◽  
Paulo Cesar Barauce Bento ◽  
Carl Payton ◽  
André Luiz Felix Rodacki
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Functional Classification ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Underwater Cameras ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Phase Coordination

This study described the kinematic variables of disabled swimmers’ performance and correlated them with their functional classification. Twenty-one impaired swimmers (S5–S10) performed 50-m maximum front-crawl swimming while being recorded by four underwater cameras. Swimming velocity, stroke rate, stroke length, intracycle velocity variation, stroke dimensions, hand velocity, and coordination index were analyzed. Kendall rank was used to correlate stroke parameters and functional classification with p < .05. Swimming velocity, stroke length, and submerged phase were positively correlated with the para swimmers functional classification (.61, .50, and .41; p < .05, respectively), while stroke rate, velocity hand for each phase, coordination index, and intracyclic velocity variation were not (τ between −.11 and .45; p > .05). Thus, some objective kinematic variables of the impaired swimmers help to support current classification. Improving hand velocity seems to be a crucial point to be improved among disabled swimmers.

A Practical Estimation Method for Center of Mass Velocity in Swimming Direction During Front Crawl Swimming

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Matsuda ◽  
Yoshihisa Sakurai ◽  
Keita Akashi ◽  
Yasuyuki Kubo
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Velocity Estimation ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Swimming Direction ◽  
Underwater Cameras

Center of mass (CoM) velocity variation in swimming direction is related to swimming performance and efficiency. However, it is difficult to calculate the CoM velocity during swimming. Therefore, we aimed to establish a practical estimation method for the CoM velocity in swimming direction during front crawl swimming with underwater cameras. Ten swimmers were recorded during front crawl swimming (25 m, maximal effort) using a motion capture system with 18 underwater and 9 land cameras. Three CoM velocity estimation methods were constructed (single-hip velocity, both-hips velocity, and both-hips velocity with simulated arm velocity correction). Each model was validated against the actual CoM velocity. The difference between the single-hip velocity and the actual CoM velocity in swimming direction was significantly larger compared with that of the other 2 models. Furthermore, the accuracy of CoM velocity estimation was increased when both-hips velocity was corrected using the simulated arm velocity. The method allowed estimation of the CoM velocity with only 2 underwater cameras with a maximal difference of 0.06 m·s−1. This study established a novel and practical method for the estimation of the CoM velocity in swimming direction during front crawl swimming.

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