Fluid and Electrolyte Intake and Loss in Elite Soccer Players during Training

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Maughan ◽  
Stuart J. Merson ◽  
Nick P. Broad ◽  
Susan M. Shirreffs
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Electrolyte Intake ◽  
Training Samples

This study measured fluid balance during a 90-min preseason training session in the first team squad (24 players) of an English Premier League football team. Sweat loss was assessed from changes in body mass after correction for ingested fluids and urine passed. Sweat composition was measured by collection from patches attached to the skin at 4 sites. The weather was warm (24-29 °C), with moderate humidity (46–64%). The mean ± SD body mass loss over the training session was 1.10 ± 0.43 kg, equivalent to a level of dehydration of 1.37 ± 0.54% of the pre-training body mass. Mean fluid intake was 971 ± 303 ml. Estimated total mean sweat loss was 2033 ±413 ml. Mean sweat electrolyte concentrations (mmol/L) were: sodium,49± 12; potassium,6.0± 1.3;chloride, 43 ± 10. Total sweat sodium loss of 99 ± 24 mmol corresponds to a salt (sodium chloride) loss of 5.8 ± 1.4 g. Mean urine osmolality measured on pre-training samples provided by the players was 666 ±311 mosmol/kg (n=21). These data indicate that sweat losses of water and solute in football players in training can be substantial but vary greatly between players even with the same exercise and environmental conditions. Voluntary fluid intake also shows wide inter-individual variability and is generally insufficient to match fluid losses.

scholarly journals Small Differences in Everyday Hydration Status Influence Mood (P04-134-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Benton ◽  
Alecia Cousins ◽  
Hayley Young
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Reviews consistently find that a loss of about 2% of body mass was needed before either athletic or psychological functioning is disrupted. However, although it is usually assumed that the minor changes in hydration status, that occur during normal life, do not impact on performance, experimentally the topic has been virtually ignored. The impact of everyday variations in hydration was therefore examined. Methods 168 subjects were randomly allocated to drinking water, or not drinking, and in addition consume capsules containing either 300 mg of sodium chloride or a placebo. Subjects were monitored over a three-hour period, during which urine osmolality, loss of body mass and urine production were monitored. Repeatedly subjects reported their mood. Results Subjects came having consumed their normal diet, without any restriction on fluid intake: on average 0.5% body mass was lost during the study. The major finding was that the hydration status on arrival had a greater influence, than subsequent fluid intake and changes in osmolality during the study. With ratings of being agreeable rather than hostile, those with lower baseline osmolality who drank water had better mood than if baseline osmolality was high. As another example, the mood of those who did not drink water only declined during the study when baseline osmolality was high rather than low. With measures of being composed rather than anxious, and being confidence rather than unsure, those who had lower baseline osmolality had a better mood, irrespective of whether water was consumed. Thus, baseline osmolality had an impact greater than drink induced changes in osmolality. Traditionally the normal range of urine osmolality has been said to be 200–800 mOsmoles/kg, yet the critical point at which the response to fluid intake changed was 600 mOsmoles/kg: 61% had a baseline osmolality over 600 and 38% over 800 mOsmoles/kg. Conclusions Some individuals are in a state of dehydration that adversely influences mood; a state not reversed by acute fluid consumption. The pattern of consumption associated with mild-dehydration and its functional consequences needs to be established. Funding Sources There was no funding external other than provided by ** University.

Fluid and Sodium Balance of Elite Wheelchair Rugby Players

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Elizabeth Black ◽  
Jody Huxford ◽  
Tracy Perry ◽  
Rachel Clare Brown
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Afternoon Session ◽  
Wheelchair Rugby ◽  
Rugby Players

Blood sodium concentration of tetraplegics during exercise has not been investigated. This study aimed to measure blood sodium changes in relation to fluid intakes and thermal comfort in tetraplegics during wheelchair rugby training. Twelve international male wheelchair rugby players volunteered, and measures were taken during 2 training sessions. Body mass, blood sodium concentration, and subjective thermal comfort using a 10-point scale were recorded before and after both training sessions. Fluid intake and the distance covered were measured during both sessions. The mean (SD) percentage changes in body mass during the morning and afternoon training sessions were +0.4%1 (0.65%) and +0.69% (1.24%), respectively. There was a tendency for fluid intake rate to be correlated with the percentage change in blood sodium concentration (p = .072, r2 = .642) during the morning training session; this correlation reached significance during the afternoon session (p = .004, r2 = .717). Fluid intake was significantly correlated to change in thermal comfort in the morning session (p = .018, r2 = .533), with this correlation showing a tendency in the afternoon session (p = .066, r2 = .151). This is the first study to investigate blood sodium concentrations in a group of tetraplegics. Over the day, blood sodium concentrations significantly declined; 2 players recorded blood sodium concentrations of 135 mmol/L, and 5 recorded blood sodium concentrations of 136 mmol/L. Excessive fluid intake as a means of attenuating thermal discomfort seems to be the primary cause of low blood sodium concentrations in tetraplegic athletes. Findings from this study could aid in the design of fluid-intake strategies for tetraplegics.

Estimated Sweat Loss, Fluid and Carbohydrate Intake, and Sodium Balance of Male Major Junior, AHL, and NHL Players During On-Ice Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 612-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S.D. Gamble ◽  
Jessica L. Bigg ◽  
Tyler F. Vermeulen ◽  
Stephanie M. Boville ◽  
Greg S. Eskedjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Urine Loss

Several previous studies have reported performance decrements in team sport athletes who dehydrated approximately 1.5–2% of their body mass (BM) through sweating. This study measured on-ice sweat loss, fluid intake, sodium balance, and carbohydrate (CHO) intake of 77 major junior (JR; 19 ± 1 years), 60 American Hockey League (AHL; 24 ± 4 years), and 77 National Hockey League (NHL; 27 ± 5 years) players. Sweat loss was calculated from pre- to post-exercise BM plus fluid intake minus urine loss. AHL (2.03 ± 0.62 L/hr) and NHL (2.02 ± 0.74 L/hr) players had higher sweat rates (p < .05) than JR players (1.63 ± 0.58 L/hr). AHL (1.23 ± 0.69%; p = .006) and NHL (1.29% ± 0.63%; p < .001) players had ∼30% greater BM losses than JR players (0.89% ± 0.57%). There was no difference in fluid intake between groups (p > .05). Sodium deficits (sodium loss − intake) were greater (p < .05) in AHL (1.68 ± 0.74 g/hr) and NHL (1.56 ± 0.84 g/hr) players compared with JR players (1.01 ± 0.50 g/hr). CHO intake was similar between groups (14–20 g CHO/hr), with 29%, 32%, and 40% of JR, AHL, and NHL players consuming no CHO, respectively. In summary, sweat rates were high in all players, but the majority of players (74/77, 54/60, and 68/77 of JR, AHL, and NHL, respectively) avoided mild dehydration (>2% BM) during 60 min of practice. However, ∼15%, 41%, and 48% of the JR, AHL, and NHL players, respectively, may have reached mild dehydration and increased risk of performance decrements in a 90-min practice.

scholarly journals Fluid Consumption and Sweating in National Football League and Collegiate Football Players With Different Access to Fluids During Practice

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fowkes Godek ◽  
Arthur R. Bartolozzi ◽  
Chris Peduzzi ◽  
Scott Heinerichs ◽  
Eugene Garvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Fluid Consumption ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Sports Drinks ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Collegiate Football

Abstract Context: Considerable controversy regarding fluid replacement during exercise currently exists. Objective: To compare fluid turnover between National Football League (NFL) players who have constant fluid access and collegiate football players who replace fluids during water breaks in practices. Design: Observational study. Setting: Respective preseason training camps of 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II (DII) football team and 1 NFL football team. Both morning and afternoon practices for DII players were 2.25 hours in length, and NFL players practiced for 2.25 hours in the morning and 1 hour in the afternoon. Environmental conditions did not differ. Patients or Other Participants: Eight NFL players (4 linemen, 4 backs) and 8 physically matched DII players (4 linemen, 4 backs) participated. Intervention(s): All players drank fluids only from their predetermined individual containers. The NFL players could consume both water and sports drinks, and the DII players could only consume water. Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured fluid consumption, sweat rate, total sweat loss, and percentage of sweat loss replaced. Sweat rate was calculated as change in mass adjusted for fluids consumed and urine produced. Results: Mean sweat rate was not different between NFL (2.1 ± 0.25 L/h) and DII (1.8 ± 0.15 L/h) players (F1,12  =  2, P  =  .18) but was different between linemen (2.3 ± 0.2 L/h) and backs (1.6 ± 0.2 L/h) (t14  =  3.14, P  =  .007). We found no differences between NFL and DII players in terms of percentage of weight loss (t7  =  −0.03, P  =  .98) or rate of fluid consumption (t7  =  −0.76, P  =  .47). Daily sweat loss was greater in DII (8.0 ± 2.0 L) than in NFL (6.4 ± 2.1 L) players (t7  =  −3, P  =  .02), and fluid consumed was also greater in DII (5.0 ± 1.5 L) than in NFL (4.0 ± 1.1 L) players (t7  =  −2.8, P  =  .026). We found a correlation between sweat loss and fluids consumed (r  =  0.79, P &lt; .001). Conclusions: During preseason practices, the DII players drinking water at water breaks replaced the same volume of fluid (66% of weight lost) as NFL players with constant access to both water and sports drinks.

Training Periodization of Professional Australian Football Players During an Entire Australian Football League Season

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Moreira ◽  
Johann C. Bilsborough ◽  
Courtney J. Sullivan ◽  
Michael Cianciosi ◽  
Marcelo Saldanha Aoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Cross Training ◽  
Australian Football

Purpose:To examine the training periodization of an elite Australian Football team during different phases of the season.Methods:Training-load data were collected during 22 wk of preseason and 23 wk of in-season training. Training load was measured using the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) for all training sessions and matches from 44 professional Australian Football players from the same team. Training intensity was divided into 3 zones based on session-RPE (low, <4; moderate, >4 AU and <7 AU; and high, >7 AU). Training load and intensity were analyzed according to the type of training session completed.Results:Higher training load and session duration were undertaken for all types of training sessions during the preseason than in-season (P < .05), with the exception of “other” training (ie, re/prehabilitation training, cross-training, and recovery activities). Training load and intensity were higher during the preseason, with the exception of games, where greater load and intensity were observed during the in-season. The overall distribution of training intensity was similar between phases with the majority of training performed at moderate or high intensity.Conclusions:The current findings may allow coaches and scientists to better understand the characteristics of Australian Football periodization, which in turn may aid in developing optimal training programs. The results also indicate that a polarized training-intensity distribution that has been reported in elite endurance athletes does not occur in professional Australian Football.

Sweat and Sodium Losses in NCAA Football Players: A Precursor to Heat Cramps?

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Stofan ◽  
Jeffrey J. Zachwieja ◽  
Craig A. Horswill ◽  
Robert Murray ◽  
Scott A. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Division I ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Fluid Deficit ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collegiate Football ◽  
Fluid Losses ◽  
Sweat Sodium

This observational study was designed to determine whether football players with a history of heat cramps have elevated fluid and sodium losses during training. During a “two-a-day” training camp, five Division I collegiate football players (20.2 ± 1.6 y, 113 ± 20 kg) with history of heat cramps (C) were matched (weight, age, race and position) with a cohort of teammates (19.6 ± 0.6 y, 110 ± 20 kg) who had never cramped (NC). Change in body weight (adjusted by fluid intake) determined gross sweat loss. Sweat samples (forearm patch) were analyzed for sodium and potassium concentrations. Adlibitum fluid intake was measured by recording pre- and post-practice bottle weights. Average sweat sodium loss for a 2.5-h practice was projected at 5.1 ± 2.3 g (C) vs. 2.2 ± 1.7 g (NC). When averaged across two practices within the day, fluid intake was similar between groups (C: 2.6 ± 0.8 L vs. NC: 2.8 ± 0.7 L), as was gross sweat loss (C: 4.0 ± 1.1 L vs. NC: 3.5 ± 1.6 L). There was wide variability in the fluid deficit incurred for both C and NC (1.3 ± 0.9 vs. 0.7 ± 1.2%) due to fluid intake. Sweat potassium was similar between groups, but sweat sodium was two times higher in C versus NC (54.6 ± 16.2 vs. 25.3 ± 10.0 mmol/L). These data indicate that sweat sodium losses were comparatively larger in cramp-prone football players than in NC. Although both groups consumed sodium-containing fluids (on-field) and food (off-field), both appeared to experience an acute sodium deficit at the end of practices based on sweat sodium losses. Large acute sodium and fluid losses (in sweat) may be characteristic of football players with a history of heat cramping.

Water and Salt Balance of Well-Trained Swimmers in Training

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Maughan ◽  
Lisa A. Dargavel ◽  
Rachael Hares ◽  
Susan M. Shirreffs
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Water And Salt Balance ◽  
Sweat Composition

This study investigated fluid and electrolyte balance in well-trained male and female swimmers during 2 training sessions. Participants were 17 nationally ranked swimmers measured during a period of intensive training. Sweat loss was assessed from changes in body mass after correction for fluid intake and urine collection. Sweat composition was measured from waterproof absorbent patches applied at 4 skin sites. Air and pool-water temperatures were 36 °C and 27.4 °C, respectively. Training lasted 105 min in each session. All measured variables were similar on the 2 testing days. Mean sweat-volume loss was 548 ± 243 ml, and mean sweat rate was 0.31 ± 0.1 L/hr. Mean fluid intake was 489 ± 270 ml. Mean body-mass loss was 0.10 ± 0.50 kg, equivalent to 0.1% ± 0.7% dehydration. Mean pretraining urine osmolality was 662 ± 222 mOsm/kg, which was negatively associated with both mean drink volume consumed (p = .044, r2 = .244) and mean urine volume produced during training (p = .002, r2 = .468). Mean sweat Na+, K+, and Cl− concentrations (mmol/L) were 43 ± 14, 4 ± 1, and 31± 9, respectively; values were not different between males and females and were not different between days except for a marginal difference in K+ concentration. The average swimmer remained hydrated during the session, and calculated sweat rates were similar to those in previous aquatic studies.

Daily Fluid Turnover during Preseason Training in U.S. College Football

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Stofan ◽  
Kris L. Osterberg ◽  
Craig A. Horswill ◽  
Magie Lacambra ◽  
E. Randy Eichner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
College Football ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Body Mass Change ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Football Training

The authors measured 24-h fluid-turnover (FTO) rate during 6 d of preseason training in U.S. college football players. Players, training (T, n = 9, full gear and contact drills) and reference (R, n = 4, conditioning without gear or contact), ingested a deuterium oxide (D2O) dose and provided urine samples every 24 h for analysis of D2O. During one ~2.3–h practice (wet-bulb globe temperature 24.6 °C), body-mass change, urine production, and voluntary fluid intake were measured to calculate gross sweat loss (GSL). Average FTO was 10.3 ± 2.2 L/d for T and 7.0 ± 1.0 L/d for R. GSL was 3.4 ± 1.5 L for T and 1.7 ± 1.3 for R (P > 0.05). By Day 6, body mass decreased significantly in T (–2.4 ± 1.3 kg, P < 0.05) but not in R (0.38 ± 0.95 kg). With preseason training under moderate environmental stress, football players had high FTO and sweat rates, which might have contributed to a loss of body mass during preseason football training.

scholarly journals Sweat rate and fluid intake in young elite basketball players on the FIBA Europe U20 Championship

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 1063-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Vukasinovic-Vesic ◽  
Marija Andjelkovic ◽  
Tamara Stojmenovic ◽  
Nenad Dikic ◽  
Marija Kostic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Urine Osmolarity ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
The Mean

Background/Aim. Previous investigations in many sports indicated that continued exercise, especially in hot environments, can cause high sweat rate and huge water and electrolyte losses, thus impairing the performance of athletes. Most these studies were conducted during training sessions, but rarely during an official competition. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine pre- and post-competition hydration, fluid intake and sweat loss of young elite basketball players during the FIBA Europe U20 Championship. Methods. The study included 96 basketball male players, (19 ? 0.79 years) of eight national teams. Ambient temperature was 30 ? 2?C, humidity 55 ? 4% and the mean playing time in game 18.8 ? 10.5 min. The following parameters related to hydration status were measured: fluid intake, urine output, sweat rate, percent of dehydration, urine parameters (specific gravity, color and osmolarity), body mass and body surface area. Results. We found that the mean fluid intake was 1.79 ? 0.8 L/h, sweat rate 2.7 ? 0.9 L/h, urine output 55 ? 61 mL and the percentage of dehydration 0.99 ? 0.7%. According to urine osmolarity more than 75% of players were dehydrated before the game and the process continued during the game. The difference in body mass (0.9 ? 0.7 kg) before and after the game was statistically significant. There were statistically significant correlations between the sweat rate and fluid intake, urine osmolarity, body mass loss, body surface area and percentage of dehydration. Fluid intake correlated with the percentage of dehydration, body mass loss, urine specific gravity and urine color. The sweat rate, which varied between the teams, was the highest for centers when this parameter was calculated on the effective time in game. Conclusion. Most of the athletes start competition dehydrated, fail to compensate sweat loss during the game and continue to be dehydrated, regardless what kind of drink was used. These results suggest that hydration strategies must be carefully taken into account, not only by the players, but also by the coaches and the team doctors.

scholarly journals Tendencia al sobrepeso y obesidad en jugadores de fútbol americano universitario en México (Trending overweight and obesity in college football players in Mexico)

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 289-295
Author(s):  
Ricardo López García ◽  
Jose Omar Lagunes Carrasco ◽  
Luis Enrique Carranza García ◽  
Ricardo Navarro Orocio
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
College Football ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Football Team

  El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el estado corporal de los jugadores de fútbol americano universitario, y ver su tendencia hacia el sobrepeso y obesidad. También se pretende evaluar el estado corporal por posición de juego. Participaron un total de 90 jugadores (28 linieros, 47 jugadores de habilidad y 15 jugadores grandes de habilidad) (22.44 ± 1.71 años de edad) pertenecientes a un equipo de la liga mayor de fútbol americano universitario en México. En el cual se les hizo mediciones antropométricas y evaluaciones con la absorciometría dual de rayos X (DEXA) para poder obtener la masa corporal, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia abdominal y masa grasa. La mayoría presentan un IMC de sobrepeso con 46 jugadores, 31 jugadores presentan un IMC de obesidad tipo I, II y III, y solo 13 jugadores presentan un IMC de peso normal. En el peso corporal, IMC, porcentaje graso y circunferencia abdominal los linieros obtuvieron valores más altos (p < .05), mientras que los de habilidad obtuvieron valores más bajos (p < .05). La mayoría de los jugadores presentan problemas de sobrepeso y obesidad, aunque con un porcentaje graso y una circunferencia abdominal en el límite de moderado, es necesario establecer programas de alimentación y entrenamiento para mejorar el estado corporal de los jugadores.  Abstract. The objective of this study is to evaluate the body status of college football players, and to see their tendency towards overweight and obesity. It is also intended to assess body status by playing position. A total of 90 players (28 linemen, 47 skill players and 15 big skill players) (22.44 ± 1.71 years old) from a major league college football team in Mexico participated. In which anthropometric measurements and evaluations were made with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to obtain body mass, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference and fat mass. Most have a BMI of overweight with 46 players, 31 players have a BMI of obesity type I, II and III, and only 13 players have a BMI of normal weight. In body weight, BMI, fat percentage and abdominal circumference, linemen obtained higher values (p < .05), while those of skill players obtained lower values (p < .05). Most players have problems of overweight and obesity, although with a fat percentage and an abdominal circumference in the moderate limit, it is necessary to establish feeding and training programs to improve the body status of players.

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