Estimated Sweat Loss, Fluid and Carbohydrate Intake, and Sodium Balance of Male Major Junior, AHL, and NHL Players During On-Ice Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 612-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S.D. Gamble ◽  
Jessica L. Bigg ◽  
Tyler F. Vermeulen ◽  
Stephanie M. Boville ◽  
Greg S. Eskedjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Urine Loss

Several previous studies have reported performance decrements in team sport athletes who dehydrated approximately 1.5–2% of their body mass (BM) through sweating. This study measured on-ice sweat loss, fluid intake, sodium balance, and carbohydrate (CHO) intake of 77 major junior (JR; 19 ± 1 years), 60 American Hockey League (AHL; 24 ± 4 years), and 77 National Hockey League (NHL; 27 ± 5 years) players. Sweat loss was calculated from pre- to post-exercise BM plus fluid intake minus urine loss. AHL (2.03 ± 0.62 L/hr) and NHL (2.02 ± 0.74 L/hr) players had higher sweat rates (p < .05) than JR players (1.63 ± 0.58 L/hr). AHL (1.23 ± 0.69%; p = .006) and NHL (1.29% ± 0.63%; p < .001) players had ∼30% greater BM losses than JR players (0.89% ± 0.57%). There was no difference in fluid intake between groups (p > .05). Sodium deficits (sodium loss − intake) were greater (p < .05) in AHL (1.68 ± 0.74 g/hr) and NHL (1.56 ± 0.84 g/hr) players compared with JR players (1.01 ± 0.50 g/hr). CHO intake was similar between groups (14–20 g CHO/hr), with 29%, 32%, and 40% of JR, AHL, and NHL players consuming no CHO, respectively. In summary, sweat rates were high in all players, but the majority of players (74/77, 54/60, and 68/77 of JR, AHL, and NHL, respectively) avoided mild dehydration (>2% BM) during 60 min of practice. However, ∼15%, 41%, and 48% of the JR, AHL, and NHL players, respectively, may have reached mild dehydration and increased risk of performance decrements in a 90-min practice.

Fluid and Sodium Balance of Elite Wheelchair Rugby Players

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Elizabeth Black ◽  
Jody Huxford ◽  
Tracy Perry ◽  
Rachel Clare Brown
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Afternoon Session ◽  
Wheelchair Rugby ◽  
Rugby Players

Blood sodium concentration of tetraplegics during exercise has not been investigated. This study aimed to measure blood sodium changes in relation to fluid intakes and thermal comfort in tetraplegics during wheelchair rugby training. Twelve international male wheelchair rugby players volunteered, and measures were taken during 2 training sessions. Body mass, blood sodium concentration, and subjective thermal comfort using a 10-point scale were recorded before and after both training sessions. Fluid intake and the distance covered were measured during both sessions. The mean (SD) percentage changes in body mass during the morning and afternoon training sessions were +0.4%1 (0.65%) and +0.69% (1.24%), respectively. There was a tendency for fluid intake rate to be correlated with the percentage change in blood sodium concentration (p = .072, r2 = .642) during the morning training session; this correlation reached significance during the afternoon session (p = .004, r2 = .717). Fluid intake was significantly correlated to change in thermal comfort in the morning session (p = .018, r2 = .533), with this correlation showing a tendency in the afternoon session (p = .066, r2 = .151). This is the first study to investigate blood sodium concentrations in a group of tetraplegics. Over the day, blood sodium concentrations significantly declined; 2 players recorded blood sodium concentrations of 135 mmol/L, and 5 recorded blood sodium concentrations of 136 mmol/L. Excessive fluid intake as a means of attenuating thermal discomfort seems to be the primary cause of low blood sodium concentrations in tetraplegic athletes. Findings from this study could aid in the design of fluid-intake strategies for tetraplegics.

Sweat rate, salt loss, and fluid intake during an intense on-ice practice in elite Canadian male junior hockey players

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Palmer ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Sodium Loss

Previous research in many sports suggests that losing ~1%–2% body mass through sweating impairs athletic performance. Elite-level hockey involves high-intensity bursts of skating, arena temperatures are >10 °C, and players wear protective equipment, all of which promote sweating. This study examined the pre-practice hydration, on-ice fluid intake, and sweat and sodium losses of 44 candidates for Canada’s junior men’s hockey team (mean ± SE age, 18.4 ± 0.1 y; height, 184.8 ± 0.9 cm; mass, 89.9 ± 1.1 kg). Players were studied in groups of 10–12 during 4 intense 1 h practices (13.9 °C, 66% relative humidity) on 1 day. Hydration status was estimated by measuring urine specific gravity (USG). Sweat rate was calculated from body mass changes and fluid intake. Sweat sodium concentration ([Na]) was analyzed in forehead sweat patch samples and used with sweat rate to estimate sodium loss. Over 50% of players began practice mildly hypohydrated (USG > 1.020). Sweat rate during practice was 1.8 ± 0.1 L·h–1 and players replaced 58% (1.0 ± 0.1 L·h–1) of the sweat lost. Body mass loss averaged 0.8% ± 0.1%, but 1/3 of players lost more than 1%. Sweat [Na] was 54.2 ± 2.4 mmol·L–1 and sodium loss averaged 2.26 ± 0.17 g during practice. Players drank only water during practice and replaced no sodium. In summary, elite junior hockey players incurred large sweat and sodium losses during an intense practice, but 2/3 of players drank enough to minimize body mass loss. However, 1/3 of players lost more than 1% body mass despite ready access to fluid and numerous drinking opportunities from the coaches.

On-ice sweat rate, voluntary fluid intake, and sodium balance during practice in male junior ice hockey players drinking water or a carbohydrate–electrolyte solution

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Palmer ◽  
Heather M. Logan ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sweat Test ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Hockey Players

This study evaluated the repeatability of hydration and sweat measurements taken during on-ice hockey practices with players drinking only water, and determined whether having only a carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (CES) to drink during practices decreased fluid intake or affected other hydration and (or) sweat measures. All testing was conducted on elite players of an Ontario Hockey League team (±SE; mean age, 17.6 ± 0.3 years; mean height, 182.9 ± 1.4 cm; mean body mass, 83.0 ± 1.7 kg). Players were studied 3 times over the course of 6 weekly on-ice practices (±SE; mean playing time, 1.58 ± 0.07 h; mean temperature, 11.4 ± 0.8 °C; mean relative humidity, 52% ± 3%). There was strong repeatability of the measured hydration and sweat parameters between 2 similar on-ice practices when players drank only water. Limiting the players to drinking only a CES (as opposed to water) did not decrease fluid intake during practice (±SE; mean CES intake, 0.72 ± 0.07 L·h–1 vs. mean water intake, 0.82 ± 0.08 L·h–1) or affect sweat rate (1.5 ± 0.1 L·h–1 vs. 1.5 ± 0.1 L·h–1), sweat sodium concentration (72.4 ± 5.6 mmol·L–1 vs. 73.0 ± 4.4 mmol·L–1), or percent body mass loss (1.1% ± 0.2% vs. 0.9% ± 0.2%). Drinking a CES also improved sodium balance (–2.1 ± 0.2 g·h–1 vs. –2.6 ± 0.3 g·h–1) and provided the players with a significant carbohydrate (43 ± 4 g·h–1 vs. 0 ± 0 g·h–1) during practice. In summary, a single field sweat test during similar on-ice hockey practices in male junior hockey players is sufficient to evaluate fluid and electrolyte balance. Also, a CES does not affect voluntary fluid intake during practice, compared with water, in these players. The CES provided some salt to offset the salt lost in sweat, and carbohydrate, which may help maintain physical and mental performance in the later stages of practice.

scholarly journals Post-Exercise Sweat Loss Estimation Accuracy of Athletes and Physically Active Adults: A Review

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Eric O’Neal ◽  
Tara Boy ◽  
Brett Davis ◽  
Kelly Pritchett ◽  
Robert Pritchett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Loss Estimation ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Collective Data ◽  
Active Adults

The main purposes of this review were to provide a qualitative description of nine investigations in which sweat losses were estimated by participants following exercise and to perform a quantitative analysis of the collective data. Unique estimations (n = 297) were made by 127 men and 116 women after a variety of exercise modalities in moderate to hot environmental conditions. Actual sweat loss exceeded estimated sweat loss (p < 0.001) for women (1.072 ± 0.473 vs. 0.481 ± 0.372 L), men (1.778 ± 0.907 vs. 0.908 ± 0.666 L) and when all data were combined (1.428 ± 0.806 vs. 0.697 ± 0.581 L), respectively. However, estimation accuracy did not differ between women (55.2 ± 51.5%) and men (62.4 ± 54.5%). Underestimation of 50% or more of sweat losses were exhibited in 168 (54%) of estimation scenarios with heavier sweaters displaying a higher prevalence and trend of greater underestimations in general. Most modern guidelines for fluid intake during and between training bouts are based on approximate sweat loss estimation knowledge. These guidelines will likely have minimal efficacy if greater awareness of how to determine sweat losses and accurate recognition of sweat losses is not increased by coaches and athletes.

Fluid and Electrolyte Intake and Loss in Elite Soccer Players during Training

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Maughan ◽  
Stuart J. Merson ◽  
Nick P. Broad ◽  
Susan M. Shirreffs
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Electrolyte Intake ◽  
Training Samples

This study measured fluid balance during a 90-min preseason training session in the first team squad (24 players) of an English Premier League football team. Sweat loss was assessed from changes in body mass after correction for ingested fluids and urine passed. Sweat composition was measured by collection from patches attached to the skin at 4 sites. The weather was warm (24-29 °C), with moderate humidity (46–64%). The mean ± SD body mass loss over the training session was 1.10 ± 0.43 kg, equivalent to a level of dehydration of 1.37 ± 0.54% of the pre-training body mass. Mean fluid intake was 971 ± 303 ml. Estimated total mean sweat loss was 2033 ±413 ml. Mean sweat electrolyte concentrations (mmol/L) were: sodium,49± 12; potassium,6.0± 1.3;chloride, 43 ± 10. Total sweat sodium loss of 99 ± 24 mmol corresponds to a salt (sodium chloride) loss of 5.8 ± 1.4 g. Mean urine osmolality measured on pre-training samples provided by the players was 666 ±311 mosmol/kg (n=21). These data indicate that sweat losses of water and solute in football players in training can be substantial but vary greatly between players even with the same exercise and environmental conditions. Voluntary fluid intake also shows wide inter-individual variability and is generally insufficient to match fluid losses.

Estimated fluid and sodium balance and drink preferences in elite male junior players during an ice hockey game

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Logan-Sprenger ◽  
Matthew S. Palmer ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
Sweat Patch ◽  
Hockey Game

Research in many sports suggests that losing ∼2% of body mass (BM) through sweating impairs athletic performance, although this has not been tested in ice hockey players. This study investigated pregame hydration, and on-ice sweat loss, fluid intake, and sodium (Na+) balance of elite male junior players during an ice hockey game. Twenty-four players (2 goalies, 7 defensemen, 15 forwards) volunteered to participate in the study (age, 18.3 ± 0.3 years; weight, 86.5 ±1.6 kg; height, 184.1 ± 1.3 cm). Players were weighed pre- and postgame, fluid and sodium intake were monitored throughout the game, and fluid and Na+ balance were determined within the time between BM measurements. Sweat Na+ loss was calculated based on sweat loss and sweat [Na+] determined from sweat-patch analysis on the same players during an intense practice. Players arrived at the rink in a euhydrated state and drank 0.6 ± 0.1 L of fluid before the game. Mean playing time for the forwards was 18:85 ± 1:15 min:s and playing time for the defense was 24:00 ± 2:46 min:s. Sweat loss was 3.2 ± 0.2 L and exceeded net fluid intake (2.1 ± 0.1 L). Mean BM loss was 1.3% ± 0.3%, with 8/24 players losing between 1.8% to 4.3% BM. Players preferred to drink water and a carbohydrate electrolyte solution before the game and during intermissions, while only water was consumed during each period. Practice mean forehead sweat [Na+] was 74 mmol·L–1. Estimated sweat Na+ losses of 3.1 ± 0.4 g (∼8 g NaCl) coupled with low Na+ intake of 0.8 ± 0.2 g (∼2 g NaCl) resulted in a significant Na+ deficit by the end of the game. This study demonstrated that despite abundant opportunities to hydrate during a hockey game, one-third of the players did not drink enough fluid to prevent sweat losses of 2% BM or higher. Losing 2% BM has been associated with decreases in athletic performance.

scholarly journals Sweat rate and fluid intake in young elite basketball players on the FIBA Europe U20 Championship

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 1063-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Vukasinovic-Vesic ◽  
Marija Andjelkovic ◽  
Tamara Stojmenovic ◽  
Nenad Dikic ◽  
Marija Kostic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Urine Osmolarity ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
The Mean

Background/Aim. Previous investigations in many sports indicated that continued exercise, especially in hot environments, can cause high sweat rate and huge water and electrolyte losses, thus impairing the performance of athletes. Most these studies were conducted during training sessions, but rarely during an official competition. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine pre- and post-competition hydration, fluid intake and sweat loss of young elite basketball players during the FIBA Europe U20 Championship. Methods. The study included 96 basketball male players, (19 ? 0.79 years) of eight national teams. Ambient temperature was 30 ? 2?C, humidity 55 ? 4% and the mean playing time in game 18.8 ? 10.5 min. The following parameters related to hydration status were measured: fluid intake, urine output, sweat rate, percent of dehydration, urine parameters (specific gravity, color and osmolarity), body mass and body surface area. Results. We found that the mean fluid intake was 1.79 ? 0.8 L/h, sweat rate 2.7 ? 0.9 L/h, urine output 55 ? 61 mL and the percentage of dehydration 0.99 ? 0.7%. According to urine osmolarity more than 75% of players were dehydrated before the game and the process continued during the game. The difference in body mass (0.9 ? 0.7 kg) before and after the game was statistically significant. There were statistically significant correlations between the sweat rate and fluid intake, urine osmolarity, body mass loss, body surface area and percentage of dehydration. Fluid intake correlated with the percentage of dehydration, body mass loss, urine specific gravity and urine color. The sweat rate, which varied between the teams, was the highest for centers when this parameter was calculated on the effective time in game. Conclusion. Most of the athletes start competition dehydrated, fail to compensate sweat loss during the game and continue to be dehydrated, regardless what kind of drink was used. These results suggest that hydration strategies must be carefully taken into account, not only by the players, but also by the coaches and the team doctors.

scholarly journals PL - 029 Responses of Urine and Blood Biochemical Markers to Exercise-induced Body Fluid Losses in Elite Chinese Road Cyclists

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Han ◽  
Jinde Fu ◽  
Jing Shao ◽  
Qirong Wang ◽  
Zilong Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Induced

Objective To examine biochemistry parameters regarding exercise induced fatigue, e.g. Sweat Loss (SL), Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Blood Urinary Nitrogen (BUN), etc. Methods This study examined Sweat Loss and blood biochemistry biomarkers regarding fatigue and muscle injury among elite cyclists under a training mode of 120 min moderate workload at 50 - 70% VO2max, then, 10 min relaxation, and then, followed up with a 20 min of spinning session over 85% VO2max. 12 healthy elite Chinese male cyclists (22.6 ± 2.9 years old, 78.3 ± 5.7 kg in weight, 184.6 ± 4.3 cm in height) were recruited. They performed four exercise performance tests throughout this study with 15 days washout period in between. Blood serum tests and urine tests were taken both pre- and post-exercise tests, and dynamic cardio-respiratory hardware (MetaMax 3B, Cortex Biophysik, Germany) was applied during each of their test. There were 2 different sport beverages available. The fluid replacement plan was a double blind crossover design. The volume of fluid intake was in accordance with ACSM recommendation for fluid replacement. Those who were assigned with sport beverage A (6% carbohydrate with 1% peptide) for the first and second performance tests, will be re-assigned to sport beverage B (6% carbohydrate without peptide) for the third and fourth performance tests, vice versa. Notes were taken for the volume of fluid intake to calculate the estimated Sweat Loss. Results We found 91.7% trials have increased LDH, 88.9% trials have increased CK, and 100% trials have been observed increased BUN right after exercise performance test. Even with sufficient water supply, athletes hydration status were getting worse after exercise performance test, their urine USG results were 1.024 ± 0.006 and 1.027 ± 0.006 for pre- and post-exercise performance test respectively. Their dehydration status quantified by the percentage change in body mass (%BM) was 1.86% ± 1.03% with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.57% to 2.15%. Conclusions Though, with sufficient water supply, athletes hydration status were getting worse after exercise performance test considering Sweat Loss and blood biochemistry indicators regarding fatigue and muscle injury.

Sweat Loss and Hydration Habits of Female Olympic, Varsity and Recreational Ice Hockey Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (06) ◽  
pp. 416-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Lynne Bigg ◽  
Alexander Shand Davis Gamble ◽  
Tyler Fredrick Vermeulen ◽  
Stephanie Michelle Boville ◽  
Greg S. Eskedjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Total Fluid Intake ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Total Fluid

AbstractThis study measured sweat losses, voluntary fluid intake, sodium balance, and carbohydrate intake of female ice hockey players during on-ice practices at the Olympic, varsity, and recreational levels. Testing was conducted on 25 Canadian Olympic players, 21 varsity, and 21 recreational players. The average sweat rate for the Olympic players (0.99±0.08 L/h) was significantly greater than both the varsity (0.67±0.05 L/h, p=0.001) and the recreational players (0.42±0.03 L/h, p<0.001), and the varsity players also had a significantly greater sweat rate than the recreational athletes (p=0.016). Total fluid intake was significantly greater for both the Olympic (p=0.001) and varsity players (p=0.007) compared to the recreational group. Only 3 of 25 Olympic players lost>1.5% BM and 4 others lost>1% BM, with no players in both the varsity and recreational teams losing>1% BM. Half of the Olympic players consumed some carbohydrate during practice, but most of the varsity and recreational players did not. In conclusion, sweat rates in female ice hockey players during practices were proportional to competitive level. Fluid intake was similar between groups and resulted in only a few athletes at the Olympic level being at risk of excess body mass loss.

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