Importance of Standardized DXA Protocol for Assessing Physique Changes in Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisa Nana ◽  
Gary J. Slater ◽  
Will G. Hopkins ◽  
Shona L. Halson ◽  
David T. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Change Scores ◽  
Overload Training ◽  
Dxa Scans

Purpose:The implications of undertaking DXA scans using best practice protocols (subjects fasted and rested) or a less precise but more practical protocol in assessing chronic changes in body composition following training and a specialized recovery technique were investigated.Methods:Twenty-one male cyclists completed an overload training program, in which they were randomized to four sessions per week of either cold water immersion therapy or control groups. Whole-body DXA scans were undertaken with best practice protocol (Best) or random activity protocol (Random) at baseline, after 3 weeks of overload training, and after a 2-week taper. Magnitudes of changes in total, lean and fat mass from baseline-overload, overload-taper and baseline-taper were assessed by standardization (Δmean/SD).Results:The standard deviations of change scores for total and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFST) from Random scans (2–3%) were approximately double those observed in the Best (1–2%), owing to extra random errors associated with Random scans at baseline. There was little difference in change scores for fat mass. The effect of cold water immersion therapy on baseline-taper changes in FFST was possibly harmful (-0.7%; 90% confidence limits ±1.2%) with Best scans but unclear with Random scans (0.9%; ±2.0%). Both protocols gave similar possibly harmful effects of cold water immersion therapy on changes in fat mass (6.9%; ±13.5% and 5.5%; ±14.3%, respectively).Conclusions:An interesting effect of cold water immersion therapy on training-induced changes in body composition might have been missed with a less precise scanning protocol. DXA scans should be undertaken with Best.

Cold-water acclimation does not modify whole-body fluid regulation during subsequent cold-water immersion

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Stocks ◽  
M. J. Patterson ◽  
D. E. Hyde ◽  
A. B. Jenkins ◽  
K. D. Mittleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation

scholarly journals Emergency Medical Service Directors’ Protocols for Exertional Heat Stroke

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Michael R. Szymanski ◽  
Samantha E. Scarneo-Miller ◽  
M. Seth Smith ◽  
Michelle L. Bruner ◽  
Douglas J. Casa
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Emergency Medical Service ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Medical Service ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Athletic Trainer ◽  
Chi Squared

Background and Objectives: Emergency Medical Service (EMS) protocols vary widely and may not implement best practices for exertional heat stroke (EHS). EHS is 100% survivable if best practices are implemented within 30 min. The purpose of this study is to compare EMS protocols to best practices for recognizing and treating EHS. Materials and Methods: Individuals (n = 1350) serving as EMS Medical or Physician Director were invited to complete a survey. The questions related to the EHS protocols for their EMS service. 145 individuals completed the survey (response rate = 10.74%). Chi-Squared Tests of Associations (χ2) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% CI were calculated to determine the prevalence of implementing best practices based on location, working with an athletic trainer, number of EHS cases, and years of directing. All PRs whose 95% CIs excluded 1.00 were considered statistically significant; Chi-Squared values with p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A majority of the respondents reported not using rectal thermometry for the diagnosis of EHS (n = 102, 77.93%) and not using cold water immersion for the treatment of EHS (n = 102, 70.34%). If working with an athletic trainer, EMS is more likely to implement best-practice treatment (i.e., cold-water immersion and cool-first transport-second) (69.6% vs. 36.9%, χ2 = 8.480, p < 0.004, PR = 3.15, 95% CI = 1.38, 7.18). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a lack of implementation of best-practice standards for EHS by EMS. Working with an athletic trainer appears to increase the likelihood of following best practices. Efforts should be made to improve EMS providers’ implementation of best-practice standards for the diagnosis and management of EHS to optimize patient outcomes.

Effects of Body Composition on Thermoregulatory Responses During Cold Water Immersion in Healthy Males

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S228
Author(s):  
Greg Farnell ◽  
Katherine Pierce ◽  
Rob Demes ◽  
Tiffany Collinsworth ◽  
Edward J. Ryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Healthy Males

scholarly journals Cooling Effectiveness of a Modified Cold-Water Immersion Method After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 946-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Luhring ◽  
Cory L. Butts ◽  
Cody R. Smith ◽  
Jeffrey A. Bonacci ◽  
Ramon C. Ylanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Exertional Heat Stroke

Context: Recommended treatment for exertional heat stroke includes whole-body cold-water immersion (CWI). However, remote locations or monetary or spatial restrictions can challenge the feasibility of CWI. Thus, the development of a modified, portable CWI method would allow for optimal treatment of exertional heat stroke in the presence of these challenges. Objective: To determine the cooling rate of modified CWI (tarp-assisted cooling with oscillation [TACO]) after exertional hyperthermia. Design: Randomized, crossover controlled trial. Setting: Environmental chamber (temperature = 33.4°C ± 0.8°C, relative humidity = 55.7% ± 1.9%). Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen volunteers (9 men, 7 women; age = 26 ± 4.7 years, height = 1.76 ± 0.09 m, mass = 72.5 ± 9.0 kg, body fat = 20.7% ± 7.1%) with no history of compromised thermoregulation. Intervention(s): Participants completed volitional exercise (cycling or treadmill) until they demonstrated a rectal temperature (Tre) ≥39.0°C. After exercise, participants transitioned to a semirecumbent position on a tarp until either Tre reached 38.1°C or 15 minutes had elapsed during the control (no immersion [CON]) or TACO (immersion in 151 L of 2.1°C ± 0.8°C water) treatment. Main Outcome Measure(s): The Tre, heart rate, and blood pressure (reported as mean arterial pressure) were assessed precooling and postcooling. Statistical analyses included repeated-measures analysis of variance with appropriate post hoc t tests and Bonferroni correction. Results: Before cooling, the Tre was not different between conditions (CON: 39.27°C ± 0.26°C, TACO: 39.30°C ± 0.39°C; P = .62; effect size = −0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.2, 0.1). At postcooling, the Tre was decreased in the TACO (38.10°C ± 0.16°C) compared with the CON condition (38.74°C ± 0.38°C; P &lt; .001; effect size = 2.27; 95% CI = 0.4, 0.9). The rate of cooling was greater during the TACO (0.14 ± 0.06°C/min) than the CON treatment (0.04°C/min ± 0.02°C/min; t15 = −8.84; P &lt; .001; effect size = 2.21; 95% CI = −0.13, −0.08). These differences occurred despite an insignificant increase in fluid consumption during exercise preceding CON (0.26 ± 0.29 L) versus TACO (0.19 ± 0.26 L; t12 = 1.73; P = .11; effect size = 0.48; 95% CI = −0.02, 0.14) treatment. Decreases in heart rate did not differ between the TACO and CON conditions (t15 = −1.81; P = .09; effect size = 0.45; 95% CI = −22, 2). Mean arterial pressure was greater at postcooling with TACO (84.2 ± 6.6 mm Hg) than with CON (67.0 ± 9.0 mm Hg; P &lt; .001; effect size = 2.25; 95% CI = 13, 21). Conclusions: The TACO treatment provided faster cooling than did the CON treatment. When location, monetary, or spatial restrictions are present, TACO represents an effective alternative to traditional CWI in the emergency treatment of patients with exertional hyperthermia.

Cooling and Performance Recovery of Trained Athletes: A Meta-Analytical Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wigand Poppendieck ◽  
Oliver Faude ◽  
Melissa Wegmann ◽  
Tim Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Performance Recovery ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

Purpose:Cooling after exercise has been investigated as a method to improve recovery during intensive training or competition periods. As many studies have included untrained subjects, the transfer of those results to trained athletes is questionable.Methods:Therefore, the authors conducted a literature search and located 21 peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials addressing the effects of cooling on performance recovery in trained athletes.Results:For all studies, the effect of cooling on performance was determined and effect sizes (Hedges’ g) were calculated. Regarding performance measurement, the largest average effect size was found for sprint performance (2.6%, g = 0.69), while for endurance parameters (2.6%, g = 0.19), jump (3.0%, g = 0.15), and strength (1.8%, g = 0.10), effect sizes were smaller. The effects were most pronounced when performance was evaluated 96 h after exercise (4.3%, g = 1.03). Regarding the exercise used to induce fatigue, effects after endurance training (2.4%, g = 0.35) were larger than after strength-based exercise (2.4%, g = 0.11). Cold-water immersion (2.9%, g = 0.34) and cryogenic chambers (3.8%, g = 0.25) seem to be more beneficial with respect to performance than cooling packs (−1.4%, g= −0.07). For cold-water application, whole-body immersion (5.1%, g = 0.62) was significantly more effective than immersing only the legs or arms (1.1%, g = 0.10).Conclusions:In summary, the average effects of cooling on recovery of trained athletes were rather small (2.4%, g = 0.28). However, under appropriate conditions (whole-body cooling, recovery from sprint exercise), postexercise cooling seems to have positive effects that are large enough to be relevant for competitive athletes.

scholarly journals Acute Whole-Body Cooling for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: A Systematic Review

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendon P. McDermott ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
Matthew S. Ganio ◽  
Rebecca M. Lopez ◽  
Susan W. Yeargin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Induced Hyperthermia ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Whole Body Cooling ◽  
Ice Water

Abstract Objective: To assess existing original research addressing the efficiency of whole-body cooling modalities in the treatment of exertional hyperthermia. Data Sources: During April 2007, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, SportDiscus, CINAHL, and Cochrane Reviews databases as well as ProQuest for theses and dissertations to identify research studies evaluating whole-body cooling treatments without limits. Key words were cooling, cryotherapy, water immersion, cold-water immersion, ice-water immersion, icing, fanning, bath, baths, cooling modality, heat illness, heat illnesses, exertional heatstroke, exertional heat stroke, heat exhaustion, hyperthermia, hyperthermic, hyperpyrexia, exercise, exertion, running, football, military, runners, marathoner, physical activity, marathoning, soccer, and tennis. Data Synthesis: Two independent reviewers graded each study on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Seven of 89 research articles met all inclusion criteria and a minimum score of 4 out of 10 on the PEDro scale. Conclusions: After an extensive and critical review of the available research on whole-body cooling for the treatment of exertional hyperthermia, we concluded that ice-water immersion provides the most efficient cooling. Further research comparing whole-body cooling modalities is needed to identify other acceptable means. When ice-water immersion is not possible, continual dousing with water combined with fanning the patient is an alternative method until more advanced cooling means can be used. Until future investigators identify other acceptable whole-body cooling modalities for exercise-induced hyperthermia, ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion are the methods proven to have the fastest cooling rates.

scholarly journals Chemically Activated Cooling Vest’s Effect on Cooling Rate Following Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: A Randomized Counter-Balanced Crossover Study

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Yuri Hosokawa ◽  
Luke N. Belval ◽  
William M. Adams ◽  
Lesley W. Vandermark ◽  
Douglas J. Casa
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Exercise Induced

Background and objectives: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a potentially lethal, hyperthermic condition that warrants immediate cooling to optimize the patient outcome. The study aimed to examine if a portable cooling vest meets the established cooling criteria (0.15 °C·min−1 or greater) for EHS treatment. It was hypothesized that a cooling vest will not meet the established cooling criteria for EHS treatment. Materials and Methods: Fourteen recreationally active participants (mean ± SD; male, n = 8; age, 25 ± 4 years; body mass, 86.7 ± 10.5 kg; body fat, 16.5 ± 5.2%; body surface area, 2.06 ± 0.15 m2. female, n = 6; 22 ± 2 years; 61.3 ± 6.7 kg; 22.8 ± 4.4%; 1.66 ± 0.11 m2) exercised on a motorized treadmill in a hot climatic chamber (ambient temperature 39.8 ± 1.9 °C, relative humidity 37.4 ± 6.9%) until they reached rectal temperature (TRE) >39 °C (mean TRE, 39.59 ± 0.38 °C). Following exercise, participants were cooled using either a cooling vest (VEST) or passive rest (PASS) in the climatic chamber until TRE reached 38.25 °C. Trials were assigned using randomized, counter-balanced crossover design. Results: There was a main effect of cooling modality type on cooling rates (F[1, 24] = 10.46, p < 0.01, η2p = 0.30), with a greater cooling rate observed in VEST (0.06 ± 0.02 °C·min−1) than PASS (0.04 ± 0.01 °C·min−1) (MD = 0.02, 95% CI = [0.01, 0.03]). There were also main effects of sex (F[1, 24] = 5.97, p = 0.02, η2p = 0.20) and cooling modality type (F[1, 24] = 4.38, p = 0.047, η2p = 0.15) on cooling duration, with a faster cooling time in female (26.9 min) than male participants (42.2 min) (MD = 15.3 min, 95% CI = [2.4, 28.2]) and faster cooling duration in VEST than PASS (MD = 13.1 min, 95% CI = [0.2, 26.0]). An increased body mass was associated with a decreased cooling rate in PASS (r = −0.580, p = 0.03); however, this association was not significant in vest (r = −0.252, p = 0.39). Conclusions: Although VEST exhibited a greater cooling capacity than PASS, VEST was far below an acceptable cooling rate for EHS treatment. VEST should not replace immediate whole-body cold-water immersion when EHS is suspected.

scholarly journals Effect of the Depth of Cold Water Immersion on Sleep Architecture and Recovery Among Well-Trained Male Endurance Runners

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Chauvineau ◽  
Florane Pasquier ◽  
Vincent Guyot ◽  
Anis Aloulou ◽  
Mathieu Nedelec
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Partial Body ◽  
Endurance Runners

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the depth of cold water immersion (CWI) (whole-body with head immersed and partial-body CWI) after high-intensity, intermittent running exercise on sleep architecture and recovery kinetics among well-trained runners.Methods: In a randomized, counterbalanced order, 12 well-trained male endurance runners (V.O2max = 66.0 ± 3.9 ml·min−1·kg−1) performed a simulated trail (≈18:00) on a motorized treadmill followed by CWI (13.3 ± 0.2°C) for 10 min: whole-body immersion including the head (WHOLE; n = 12), partial-body immersion up to the iliac crest (PARTIAL; n = 12), and, finally, an out-of-water control condition (CONT; n = 10). Markers of fatigue and muscle damage—maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), countermovement jump (CMJ), plasma creatine kinase [CK], and subjective ratings—were recorded until 48 h after the simulated trail. After each condition, nocturnal core body temperature (Tcore) was measured, whereas sleep and heart rate variability were assessed using polysomnography.Results: There was a lower Tcore induced by WHOLE than CONT from the end of immersion to 80 min after the start of immersion (p &lt; 0.05). Slow-wave sleep (SWS) proportion was higher (p &lt; 0.05) during the first 180 min of the night in WHOLE compared with PARTIAL. WHOLE and PARTIAL induced a significant (p &lt; 0.05) decrease in arousal for the duration of the night compared with CONT, while only WHOLE decreased limb movements compared with CONT (p &lt; 0.01) for the duration of the night. Heart rate variability analysis showed a significant reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in RMSSD, low frequency (LF), and high frequency (HF) in WHOLE compared with both PARTIAL and CONT during the first sequence of SWS. No differences between conditions were observed for any markers of fatigue and muscle damage (p &gt; 0.05) throughout the 48-h recovery period.Conclusion: WHOLE reduced arousal and limb movement and enhanced SWS proportion during the first part of the night, which may be particularly useful in the athlete's recovery process after exercise. Future studies are, however, required to assess whether such positive sleep outcomes may result in overall recovery optimization.

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