scholarly journals Dynamics of the Metabolic Response During a Competitive 100-m Freestyle in Elite Male Swimmers

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1011-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Hellard ◽  
Robin Pla ◽  
Ferran A. Rodríguez ◽  
David Simbana ◽  
David B. Pyne
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Maximal Speed ◽  
Energy Pathways

Purpose: To compare the dynamics of maximal oxygen uptake (), blood lactate ([La]b), total energy expenditure (Etot), and contributions of the aerobic (Eaer), alactic anaerobic (Ean,al), and lactic anaerobic (Ean,lac) metabolic energy pathways over 4 consecutive 25-m laps (L0–25, L25–50, etc) of a 100-m maximal freestyle swim. Methods: Elite swimmers comprising 26 juniors (age = 16 [1] y) and 23 seniors (age = 24 [5] y) performed 100 m at maximal speed and then 3 trials (25, 50, and 75 m) at the same pace as that of the 100 m. [La]b was collected, and was measured 20 s postexercise. Results: The estimated energetic contributions for the 100-m trial are presented as mean (SD): Eaer, 51% (8%); Ean,al, 18% (2%); Ean,lac, 31% (9%). increased from L0–25 to L25–50 (mean = 3.5 L·min−1; 90% confidence interval [CI], 3.4–3.7 L·min−1 to mean = 4.2 L·min−1; 90% CI, 4.0–4.3 L·min−1) and then stabilized in the 2nd 50 m (mean = 4.1 L·min−1; 90% CI, 3.9–4.3 L·min−1 to mean = 4.2 L·min−1; 90% CI, 4.0–4.4 L·min−1). Etot (juniors, 138 [18] kJ; seniors, 168 [26] kJ), Ean,al (juniors, 27 [3] kJ; seniors, 30 [3] kJ), and Ean,lac (juniors, 38 [12] kJ; seniors, 62 [24] kJ) were 11–58% higher in seniors. Faster swimmers (n = 26) had higher , 90% CI 4.4–4.8 L·min−1 vs 3.9 L·min−1, 90% CI 3.6–4.2 L·min−1), and Eaer power was associated with fast performances (P < .001). Conclusion: Faster swimmers were characterized by higher and less time to reach the highest at ∼50 m of the 100-m swim. Anaerobic qualities become more important with age.

Physical capacity, respiratory quotient and energy expenditure during exercise in male patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.M. Nilsson ◽  
R.M. Olsson ◽  
A. Öman ◽  
F.-A. Wiesel ◽  
L. Ekselius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Physical Capacity ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Everyday Activity ◽  
Male Patients

AbstractBackgroundDespite massive research on weight gain and metabolic complications in schizophrenia there are few studies on energy expenditure and no current data on physical capacity.AimTo determine oxygen uptake capacity, respiratory quotient (RQ) and energy expenditure during a submaximal exercise test in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.MethodTen male patients and 10 controls were included. RQ and energy expenditure were investigated with indirect calorimetry during a cycle ergometer test. The submaximal work level was defined by heart rate and perceived exhaustion. Physical capacity was determined from predicted maximal oxygen uptake capacity (VO2-max).ResultsThe patients exhibited significantly higher RQ on submaximal workloads and lower physical capacity. A significant lower calculated VO2-max remained after correction for body weight and fat free mass (FFM). Energy expenditure did not differ on fixed workloads.ConclusionRQ was rapidly increasing in the patients during exercise indicating a faster transition to carbohydrate oxidation and anaerobic metabolism that also implies a performance closer to maximal oxygen uptake even at submaximal loads. This may restrict the capacity for everyday activity and exercise and thus contribute to the risk for weight gain. Physical capacity was consequently significantly lower in the patients.

scholarly journals Scaling of maximal oxygen uptake by lower leg muscle volume in boys and men

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 1851-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Tolfrey ◽  
Alan Barker ◽  
Jeanette M. Thom ◽  
Christopher I. Morse ◽  
Marco V. Narici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Leg Muscle

The aim of this study was to critically examine the influence of body size on maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) in boys and men using body mass (BM), estimated fat-free mass (FFM), and estimated lower leg muscle volume (Vol) as the separate scaling variables. V̇o2 max and an in vivo measurement of Vol were assessed in 15 boys and 14 men. The FFM was estimated after percentage body fat had been predicted from population-specific skinfold measurements. By using nonlinear allometric modeling, common body size exponents for BM, FFM, and Vol were calculated. The point estimates for the size exponent (95% confidence interval) from the separate allometric models were: BM 0.79 (0.53–1.06), FFM 1.00 (0.78–1.22), and Vol 0.64 (0.40–0.88). For the boys, substantial residual size correlations were observed for V̇o2 max/BM0.79 and V̇o2 max/FFM1.00, indicating that these variables did not correctly partition out the influence of body size. In contrast, scaling by Vol0.64 led to no residual size correlation in boys or men. Scaling by BM is confounded by heterogeneity of body composition and potentially substantial differences in the mass exponent between boys and men. The FFM is precluded as an index of involved musculature because Vol did not represent a constant proportion of FFM [Vol∝FFM1.45 (95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.77)] in the boys (unlike the men). We conclude that Vol, as an indicator of the involved muscle mass, is the most valid allometric denominator for the scaling of V̇o2 max in a sample of boys and men heterogeneous for body size and composition.

scholarly journals Effect of exercise training on energy expenditure, muscle volume, and maximal oxygen uptake in female adolescents

1996 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alon Eliakim ◽  
Thomas J. Barstow ◽  
Jo Anne Brasel ◽  
Henry Ajie ◽  
W.-N.Paul Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Female Adolescents

Relationship between mean habitual daily energy expenditure and maximal oxygen uptake

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1170???1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOPHIE E. BERTHOUZE ◽  
PIERRE M. MINAIRE ◽  
JOSIANE CASTELLS ◽  
THIERRY BUSSO ◽  
LAURENCE VICO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Daily Energy

Superior Physiological Adaptations After a Microcycle of Short Intervals Versus Long Intervals in Cyclists

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bent R. Rønnestad ◽  
Sjur J. Øfsteng ◽  
Fabio Zambolin ◽  
Truls Raastad ◽  
Daniel Hammarström
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Endurance Performance

Purpose: To compare the effects of a 1-week high-intensity aerobic-training shock microcycle composed of either 5 short-interval sessions (SI; n = 9, 5 series with 12 × 30-s work intervals interspersed with 15-s recovery and 3-min recovery between series) or 5 long-interval sessions (LI; n = 8, 6 series of 5-min work intervals with 2.5-min recovery between series) on indicators of endurance performance in well-trained cyclists. Methods: Before and following 6 days with standardized training loads after the 1-week high-intensity aerobic-training shock microcycle, both groups were tested in physiological determinants of endurance performance. Results: From pretraining to posttraining, SI achieved a larger improvement than LI in maximal oxygen uptake (5.7%; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–10.3; P = .015) and power output at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L−1 (3.8%; 95% confidence interval, 0.2–7.4; P = .038). There were no group differences in changes of fractional use of maximal oxygen uptake at a workload corresponding to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L−1, gross efficiency, or the 1-minute peak power output from the maximal-oxygen-uptake test. Conclusion: The SI protocol may induce superior changes in indicators of endurance performance compared with the LI protocol, indicating that SI can be a good strategy during a 1-week high-intensity aerobic-training shock microcycle in well-trained cyclists.

Energy expenditure during the LANY Footrace 2011 – a case study

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1247-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Paolo Ardigò ◽  
Carlo Capelli
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Adult Subject ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Ultra Endurance

We reported results obtained in estimating the energy expenditure (EE) of an active adult subject participating in LANY Footrace 2011 (5129 km, 70 consecutive days). At each stage EE was calculated from literature metabolic cost equations and GPS-measured speeds–inclines. The subject’s average speed was 7.41 ± 0.51 km·h–1. Race expenditure amounted to 87% of EE (31.3 MJ·day–1) (47.8%–37.1% of measured maximal oxygen uptake). These results provide data about EE for future stage-type ultra-endurance competitors.

Efficiency of trained subjects differing in maximal oxygen uptake and type of training

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 444-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Stuart ◽  
E. T. Howley ◽  
L. B. Gladden ◽  
R. H. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
External Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Delta Efficiency

This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between energy expenditure and work rate on a bicycle ergometer in five sprinters and five distance runners who differed in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and type of training. Each subject performed at work rates of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 watts (W). The relationship between energy expenditure and work rates was most accurately described by a quadratic curve for both groups: for sprinters, energy expenditure (kJ) = 11.57 + 0.1812 (W) + 0.00046 (W)2; for distance runners, energy expenditure (kJ) = 11.74 + 0.1386 (W) + 0.00060 (W)2. Delta efficiency (delta work accomplished divided by delta energy expended X 100%) decreased as work rate increased. Statistical analyses revealed no significant differences between groups in delta efficiency at the same work rate (P greater than 0.25) or at the same relative work rate (P greater than 0.75). These results suggest that differences in VO2max and/or type of training have little or no causal effect on the decrease in delta efficiency with increasing work rate. The observed decrease in delta efficiency may be due to increases in metabolism not directly related to the performance of the external work or to an increasing amount of unmeasured work as work rate increases on a bicycle ergometer.

scholarly journals The effect of treadmill incline on maximal oxygen uptake, gas exchange and the metabolic response to exercise in the horse

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul McDonough ◽  
Casey A. Kindig ◽  
Casey Ramsel ◽  
David C. Poole ◽  
Howard H. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Response To Exercise
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