A Comparison of Different Prerace Warm-Up Strategies on 1-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109-1116
Author(s):  
Mathias T. Vangsoe ◽  
Jonas K. Nielsen ◽  
Carl D. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Competitive Cyclists

Purpose: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and postactivation potentiation (PAP) are warm-up strategies proposed to improve high-intensity sporting performance. However, only few studies have investigated the benefits of these strategies compared with an appropriate control (CON) or an athlete-selected (SELF) warm-up protocol. Therefore, this study examined the effects of 4 different warm-up routines on 1-km time-trial (TT) performance with competitive cyclists. Methods: In a randomized crossover study, 12 well-trained cyclists (age 32 [10] y, mass 77.7 [4.6] kg, peak power output 1141 [61] W) performed 4 different warm-up strategies—(CON) 17 minutes CON only, (SELF) a self-determined warm-up, (IPC) IPC + CON, or (PAP) CON + PAP—prior to completing a maximal-effort 1-km TT. Performance time and power, quadriceps electromyograms, muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and blood lactate were measured to determine differences between trials. Results: There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 1-km performance time between CON (76.9 [5.2] s), SELF (77.3 [6.0] s), IPC (77.0 [5.5] s), or PAP (77.3 [5.9] s) protocols. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in mean or peak power output between trials. Finally, electromyogram activity, SmO2, and recovery blood lactate concentration were not different between conditions. Conclusions: Adding IPC or PAP protocols to a short CON warm-up appears to provide no additional benefit to 1-km TT performance with well-trained cyclists and is therefore not recommended. Furthermore, additional IPC and PAP protocols had no effect on electromyograms and SmO2 values during the TT or peak lactate concentration during recovery.

scholarly journals Influence of Intensity RAMP Incremental Test on Peak Power, Post-Exercise Blood Lactate, and Heart Rate Recovery in Males: Cross-Over Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3934
Author(s):  
Kamil Michalik ◽  
Kuba Korta ◽  
Natalia Danek ◽  
Marcin Smolarek ◽  
Marek Zatoń
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Incremental Test

Background: The linearly increased loading (RAMP) incremental test is a method commonly used to evaluate physical performance in a laboratory, but the best-designed protocol remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the selected variables used in training control resulting from the two different intensities of RAMP incremental tests. Methods: Twenty healthy and physically active men took part in this experiment. The tests included two visits to a laboratory, during which anthropometric measurements, incremental test on a cycle ergometer, and examinations of heart rate and blood lactate concentration were made. The cross-over study design method was used. The subjects underwent a randomly selected RAMP test with incremental load: 0.278 W·s−1 or 0.556 W·s−1. They performed the second test a week later. Results: Peak power output was significantly higher by 51.69 W (p < 0.001; t = 13.10; ES = 1.13) in the 0.556 W·s−1 group. Total work done was significantly higher in the 0.278 W·s−1 group by 71.93 kJ (p < 0.001; t = 12.55; ES = 1.57). Maximal heart rate was significantly higher in the 0.278 W·s−1 group by 3.30 bpm (p < 0.01; t = 3.72; ES = 0.48). There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate recovery and peak blood lactate. Conclusions: We recommend use of the 0.556 W·s−1 RAMP protocol because it is of shorter duration compared with 0.278 W·s−1 and as such practically easier and of less effort for subjects.

Effects of Shoe Cleat Position on Physiology and Performance of Competitive Cyclists

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl D. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Competitive Cyclists ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Foot Position

Purpose:Aerobic economy is an important factor that affects the performance of competitive cyclists. It has been suggested that placing the foot more anteriorly on the bicycle pedals may improve economy over the traditional foot position by improving pedaling efficiency. The current study examines the effects of changing the anterior-posterior pedal foot position on the physiology and performance of well-trained cyclists.Methods:In a crossover study, 10 competitive cyclists completed two maximal incremental and two submaximal tests in either their preferred (control) or a forward (arch) foot position. Maximum oxygen consumption and peak power output were determined from the incremental tests for both foot positions. On two further occasions, cyclists also completed a two-part 60-min submaximal test that required them to maintain a constant power output (equivalent to 60% of their incremental peak power) for 30 min, during which respiratory and blood lactate samples were taken at predetermined intervals. Thereafter, subjects completed a 30-min self-paced maximal effort time trial.Results:Relative to the control, the mean changes (±90% confidence limits) in the arch condition were as follows: maximum oxygen consumption, -0.5% (±2.0%); incremental peak power output, -0.8% (±1.3%); steady-state oxygen consumption at 60%, -2.4% (±1.1%); steady-state heart rate 60%, 0.4% (±1.7%); lactate concentration 60%, 8.7% (±14.4%); and mean time trial power, -1.5% (±2.9%).Conclusions:We conclude that there was no substantial physiological or performance advantage in this group using an arch-cleat shoe position in comparison with a cyclist’s normal preferred condition.

Factors of Rowing Ergometer Performance in High-Level Female Rowers

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (13) ◽  
pp. 1023-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Bourdin ◽  
Jean-Rene Lacour ◽  
Charles Imbert ◽  
Laurent Messonnier
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Gross Efficiency ◽  
Rowing Ergometer ◽  
High Level ◽  
Ergometer Test

AbstractThe present study investigated morphological and physiological factors of rowing ergometer performance over 2000 m (P2000, W) in 70 national and international level [27 lightweight (LW) and 43 heavyweight (HW)] female rowers. Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max, L.min−1), maximal aerobic power (Pamax, W), power output corresponding to 4 mmol.L−1 blood lactate concentration expressed in absolute (PLa4, W) and relative to Pamax (PLa4%, %) values, peak power output (Ppeak, W), and rowing gross efficiency (RGE, %) were determined during an incremental rowing test. In the whole group, Ppeak was the best predictor of P2000 (r=0.89, p<0.001), as it was shown in men. PLa4 (r=0.87), V̇O2max (r=0.83), body mass (r=0.65), and height (r=0.64) were also significantly correlated with P2000 (p<0.001 for all). Ppeak was also the best predictor of P2000 when the two sub-groups LW and HW were considered separately. It was concluded that Ppeak is an overall index of physiological rowing capacity in groups of high-level LW and HW female rowers. The predictive value of Ppeak is similar to that of PLa4, but Ppeak presents the advantage of being obtained with a simple ergometer test without biological measurements.

scholarly journals Case Study: Dose Response of Caffeine on 20-km Handcycling Time Trial Performance in a Paratriathlete

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Graham-Paulson ◽  
Claudio Perret ◽  
Victoria Goosey-Tolfrey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Upper Body Exercise

Caffeine’s (CAF) ability to influence upper-body exercise endurance performance may be related to an individual’s training status. This case study therefore aimed to investigate the ergogenic effects of CAF dose on 20-km time trial (TT) performance of an elite male paratriathlete (wheelchair user; age = 46 years, body mass = 76.9 kg, body fat = 25.4%, and handcycling ). The athlete completed four 20-km handcycling TTs on a Cyclus II ergometer under controlled laboratory conditions following the ingestion of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg CAF or placebo (PLA). Blood lactate concentration, power output, arousal, and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded. Ingestion of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg CAF resulted in a 2%, 1.5%, and 2.7% faster TT compared with PLA (37:40 min:s). The participant’s blood lactate concentration increased throughout all trials and was greater during CAF compared with PLA. There were no obvious differences in ratings of perceived exertion between trials despite different performance times. Baseline arousal scores differed between PLA and 4 mg/kg CAF (1 = low), and 2 and 6 mg/kg CAF (3 = moderate). Arousal increased at each time point following the ingestion of 4 and 6 mg/kg CAF. The largest CAF dose resulted in a positive pacing strategy, which, when combined with an end spurt, resulted in the fastest TT. CAF improved 20-km TT performance of an elite male paratriathlete, which may be related to greater arousal and an increased power output for a given rating of perceived exertion.

A Comparison of Asynchronous and Synchronous Arm Cranking During the Wingate Test

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale I. Lovell ◽  
Dale Mason ◽  
Elias Delphinus ◽  
Chris McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Wingate Test ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Arm Cranking ◽  
Minimum Power ◽  
Time To Peak

Purpose:The aim of this study was to compare asynchronous (AS Y) arm cranking (cranks at 180° relative to each other) with synchronous (SYN) arm cranking (parallel crank setting) during the 30 s Wingate anaerobic test.Methods:Thirty-two physically active men (aged 22.1 ± 2.4 y) completed two Wingate tests (one ASY and one SYN) separated by 4 d in a randomized counterbalanced order. The Wingate tests were completed on a modified electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer. Performance measures assessed during the two tests include peak power, mean power, minimum power, time to peak power, rate to fatigue and maximum cadence (RPMmax). Blood lactate concentration was also measured before and 5 min after the tests.Results:Peak and mean power (both absolute and relative to body weight) during SYN arm cranking were significantly (p < 0.001) less than during ASY arm cranking. Rate to fatigue and RPMmax were also significantly (p = 0.012) lower during SYN arm cranking compared with ASY arm cranking. No significant difference was found between test conditions for minimum power, time to peak power or blood lactate concentration.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that ASY arm cranking results in higher peak and mean anaerobic power compared with SYN arm cranking during the Wingate test. Therefore, an ASY arm crank configuration should be used to assess anaerobic power in most individuals although specific population groups may require further testing to determine which crank configuration is most suitable for the Wingate test.

scholarly journals Effects of a 2-km Swim on Markers of Cycling Performance in Elite Age-Group Triathletes

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Rothschild ◽  
George H. Crocker
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Age Group

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 2-km swim on markers of subsequent cycling performance in well-trained, age-group triathletes. Fifteen participants (10 males, five females, 38.3 ± 8.4 years) performed two progressive cycling tests between two and ten days apart, one of which was immediately following a 2-km swim (33.7 ± 4.1 min). Cycling power at 4-mM blood lactate concentration decreased after swimming by an average of 3.8% (p = 0.03, 95% CI −7.7, 0.2%), while heart rate during submaximal cycling (220 W for males, 150 W for females) increased by an average of 4.0% (p = 0.02, 95% CI 1.7, 9.7%), compared to cycling without prior swimming. Maximal oxygen consumption decreased by an average of 4.0% (p = 0.01, 95% CI −6.5, −1.4%), and peak power decreased by an average of 4.5% (p < 0.01, 95% CI −7.3, −2.3%) after swimming, compared to cycling without prior swimming. Results from this study suggest that markers of submaximal and maximal cycling are impaired following a 2-km swim.

scholarly journals Acute Effect of Quadriceps Myofascial Tissue Rolling Using A Mechanical Self-Myofascial Release Roller-Massager on Performance and Recovery in Young Elite Speed Skaters

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Shaher A. I. Shalfawi ◽  
Eystein Enoksen ◽  
Håvard Myklebust
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mean Power

Objectives: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of myofascial tissue rolling on endurance performance and recovery using a novel designed mechanical self-induced multi-bar roller-massager. Methods: a randomized crossover, repeated measure design was used. Eight national levelled, junior and neo-senior, speed skaters underwent a 10 min myofascial quadriceps rolling pre- and fifteen minutes post- a stepwise incremental cycling-test to exhaustion followed by a Wingate performance-test. The myofascial quadriceps rolling was used in one out of two laboratory testing-days. Time to exhaustion, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), blood lactate concentration during 30 min of recovery, and peak- and mean- power during the consecutive Wingate test were recorded. Results: Myofascial quadriceps rolling using roller-massager resulted in higher blood lactate concentration at exhaustion and a larger blood lactate clearance after 10 min to post exhaustion test (both p < 0.05), a tendency for a positive effect on Wingate peak-power (p = 0.084; d = 0.71), whereas no marked differences were observed on VO2peak, time to exhaustion and Wingate mean-power. Conclusion: Despite indications for potential benefits of the quadriceps myofascial tissue release using the mechanical self-induced multi-bar roller-massager on blood lactate concentration and Wingate peak-power, the myofascial tissue release gave no marked performance improvements nor indications of negative effects. Future studies could examine the long-term effects of myofascial tissue release on performance and recovery. Furthermore, integrating a measure of the participants’ subjective experience pre- and post the myofascial tissue release would be of great interest.

scholarly journals Complex Interplay Between Determinants of Pacing and Performance During 20-km Cycle Time Trials

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Renfree ◽  
Julia West ◽  
Mark Corbett ◽  
Clare Rhoden ◽  
Alan St Clair Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
And Performance

Purpose:This study examined the determinants of pacing strategy and performance during self-paced maximal exercise.Methods:Eight well-trained cyclists completed two 20-km time trials. Power output, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), positive and negative affect, and iEMG activity of the active musculature were recorded every 0.5 km, confidence in achieving preexercise goals was assessed every 5 km, and blood lactate and pH were measured postexercise. Differences in all parameters were assessed between fastest (FAST) and slowest (SLOW) trials performed.Results:Mean power output was significantly higher during the initial 90% of FAST, but not the final 10%, and blood lactate concentration was significantly higher and pH significantly lower following FAST. Mean iEMG activity was significantly higher throughout SLOW. Rating of perceived exertion was similar throughout both trials, but participants had significantly more positive affect and less negative affect throughout FAST. Participants grew less confident in their ability to achieve their goals throughout SLOW.Conclusions:The results suggest that affect may be the primary psychological regulator of pacing strategy and that higher levels of positivity and lower levels of negativity may have been associated with a more aggressive strategy during FAST. Although the exact mechanisms through which affect acts to influence performance are unclear, it may determine the degree of physiological disruption that can be tolerated, or be reflective of peripheral physiological status in relation to the still to be completed exercise task.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document