The Effects of Game and Training Loads on Perceptual Responses of Muscle Soreness in Australian Football

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Montgomery ◽  
Will G. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Mixed Linear Model ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
And Training ◽  
Low Uncertainty

Australian Football is an intense team sport played over ~120 min on a weekly basis. To determine the effects of game and training load on muscle soreness and the time frame of soreness dissipation, 64 elite Australian Football players (age 23.8 ± 1.8 y, height 183.9 ± 3.8 cm, weight 83.2 ± 5.0 kg; mean ± SD) recorded perceptions of muscle soreness, game intensity, and training intensity on scales of 1–10 on most mornings for up to 3 competition seasons. Playing and training times were also recorded in minutes. Data were analyzed with a mixed linear model, and magnitudes of effects on soreness were evaluated by standardization. All effects had acceptably low uncertainty. Game and training-session loads were 790 ± 182 and 229 ± 98 intensity-minutes (mean ± SD), respectively. General muscle soreness was 4.6 ± 1.1 units on d 1 postgame and fell to 1.9 ± 1.0 by d 6. There was a small increase in general muscle soreness (0.22 ± 0.07–0.50 ± 0.13 units) in the 3 d after high-load games relative to low-load games. Other soreness responses showed similar timelines and magnitudes of change. Training sessions made only small contributions to soreness over the 3 d after each session. Practitioners should be aware of these responses when planning weekly training and recovery programs, as it appears that game-related soreness dissipates after 3 d regardless of game load and increased training loads in the following week produce only small increases in soreness.

scholarly journals Training Load and Carbohydrate Periodization Practices of Elite Male Australian Football Players: Evidence of Fueling for the Work Required

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry E. Routledge ◽  
Stuart Graham ◽  
Rocco Di Michele ◽  
Darren Burgess ◽  
Robert M. Erskine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Practice Elements ◽  
Physical Loading ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
And Training

The authors aimed to quantify (a) the periodization of physical loading and daily carbohydrate (CHO) intake across an in-season weekly microcycle of Australian Football and (b) the quantity and source of CHO consumed during game play and training. Physical loading (via global positioning system technology) and daily CHO intake (via a combination of 24-hr recall, food diaries, and remote food photographic method) were assessed in 42 professional male players during two weekly microcycles comprising a home and away fixture. The players also reported the source and quantity of CHO consumed during all games (n = 22 games) and on the training session completed 4 days before each game (n = 22 sessions). The total distance was greater (p < .05) on game day (GD; 13 km) versus all training days. The total distance differed between training days, where GD-2 (8 km) was higher than GD-1, GD-3, and GD-4 (3.5, 0, and 7 km, respectively). The daily CHO intake was also different between training days, with reported intakes of 1.8, 1.4, 2.5, and 4.5 g/kg body mass on GD-4, GD-3, GD-2, and GD-1, respectively. The CHO intake was greater (p < .05) during games (59 ± 19 g) compared with training (1 ± 1 g), where in the former, 75% of the CHO consumed was from fluids as opposed to gels. Although the data suggest that Australian Football players practice elements of CHO periodization, the low absolute CHO intakes likely represent considerable underreporting in this population. Even when accounting for potential underreporting, the data also suggest Australian Football players underconsume CHO in relation to the physical demands of training and competition.

A Prospective Cohort Study of Load and Wellness (Sleep, Fatigue, Soreness, Stress, and Mood) in Elite Junior Australian Football Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 829-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J.H. Lathlean ◽  
Paul B. Gastin ◽  
Stuart V. Newstead ◽  
Caroline F. Finch
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Load Ratio ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Australian Football

Purpose:To investigate associations between load (training and competition) and wellness in elite junior Australian Football players across 1 competitive season.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted during the 2014 playing season in 562 players from 9 teams. Players recorded their training and match intensities according to the session-rating-of-perceived-exertion (sRPE) method. Based on sRPE player loads, a number of load variables were quantified, including cumulative load and the change in load across different periods of time (including the acute-to-chronic load ratio). Wellness was quantified using a wellness index including sleep, fatigue, soreness, stress, and mood on a Likert scale from 1 to 5.Results:Players spent an average of 85 (21) min in each match and 65 (31) min per training session. Average match loads were 637 (232) arbitrary units, and average training loads were 352 (233) arbitrary units. Over the 24 wk of the 2014 season, overall wellness had a significant linear negative association with 1-wk load (B = −0.152; 95% confidence interval, −0.261 to −0.043;P = .006) and an inverseU-curve relationship with session load (B = −0.078; 95% confidence interval, 0.143 to 0.014;P = .018). Mood, stress, and soreness were all found to have associations with load.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that load (within a session and across the week) is important in managing the wellness of elite junior Australian Football players. Quantifying loads and wellness at this level will help optimize player management and has the potential to reduce the risk of adverse events such as injury.

Relationship Between Pretraining Subjective Wellness Measures, Player Load, and Rating-of-Perceived-Exertion Training Load in American College Football

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Govus ◽  
Aaron Coutts ◽  
Rob Duffield ◽  
Andrew Murray ◽  
Hugh Fullagar
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
College Football ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Context:The relationship between pretraining subjective wellness and external and internal training load in American college football is unclear.Purpose:To examine the relationship of pretraining subjective wellness (sleep quality, muscle soreness, energy, wellness Z score) with player load and session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE-TL) in American college football players.Methods:Subjective wellness (measured using 5-point, Likert-scale questionnaires), external load (derived from GPS and accelerometry), and s-RPE-TL were collected during 3 typical training sessions per week for the second half of an American college football season (8 wk). The relationship of pretraining subjective wellness with player load and s-RPE training load was analyzed using linear mixed models with a random intercept for athlete and a random slope for training session. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) denote the effect magnitude.Results:A 1-unit increase in wellnessZscore and energy was associated with trivial 2.3% (90% confidence interval [CI] 0.5, 4.2; SMD 0.12) and 2.6% (90% CI 0.1, 5.2; SMD 0.13) increases in player load, respectively. A 1-unit increase in muscle soreness (players felt less sore) corresponded to a trivial 4.4% (90% CI −8.4, −0.3; SMD −0.05) decrease in s-RPE training load.Conclusion:Measuring pretraining subjective wellness may provide information about players’ capacity to perform in a training session and could be a key determinant of their response to the imposed training demands American college football. Hence, monitoring subjective wellness may aid in the individualization of training prescription in American college football players.

Training Periodization of Professional Australian Football Players During an Entire Australian Football League Season

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Moreira ◽  
Johann C. Bilsborough ◽  
Courtney J. Sullivan ◽  
Michael Cianciosi ◽  
Marcelo Saldanha Aoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Cross Training ◽  
Australian Football

Purpose:To examine the training periodization of an elite Australian Football team during different phases of the season.Methods:Training-load data were collected during 22 wk of preseason and 23 wk of in-season training. Training load was measured using the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) for all training sessions and matches from 44 professional Australian Football players from the same team. Training intensity was divided into 3 zones based on session-RPE (low, <4; moderate, >4 AU and <7 AU; and high, >7 AU). Training load and intensity were analyzed according to the type of training session completed.Results:Higher training load and session duration were undertaken for all types of training sessions during the preseason than in-season (P < .05), with the exception of “other” training (ie, re/prehabilitation training, cross-training, and recovery activities). Training load and intensity were higher during the preseason, with the exception of games, where greater load and intensity were observed during the in-season. The overall distribution of training intensity was similar between phases with the majority of training performed at moderate or high intensity.Conclusions:The current findings may allow coaches and scientists to better understand the characteristics of Australian Football periodization, which in turn may aid in developing optimal training programs. The results also indicate that a polarized training-intensity distribution that has been reported in elite endurance athletes does not occur in professional Australian Football.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Technical Performance of Football Players in the UEFA Champions League

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Qing Yi ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Gómez-Ruano ◽  
Hongyou Liu ◽  
Shaoliang Zhang ◽  
Binghong Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Session ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
Performance Profiles ◽  
And Training ◽  
Match Location

This study aimed to assess the technical match performance of top-class football players in a long-term perspective. Technical performance profiles of players according to five playing positions (central defender, full back, wide midfielder, central midfielder, forward) and five situational variables (competition stage, match location, quality of team, quality of opponent, match outcome) were established. Technical match data of players in the UEFA Champions League from season 2009–2010 to 2016–2017 were analyzed. The true effects of positional and situational variables on players’ technical performance were evaluated by the non-clinical magnitude-based inference. Results showed that the effect of competition stage on player’s performance was negligible. Quality of team, quality of opponent and match outcome revealed the strongest effects on player’s performance (ES: −0.42 ± 0.10–0.59 ± 0.10) while the effect of match location was relatively lower (ES: −0.32 ± 0.10–0.23 ± 0.07). The number of variables that showed statistical differences under five competing contexts for wide midfielders and forwards were higher than those of central defenders, full backs, and central midfielders. Differences of players’ match performance could mainly be identified in variables related to goal scoring, passing, and organizing, these findings may provide important insights for coaches and analysts during the match preparation and training session.

scholarly journals Synchronous and asynchronous tele-exercise during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Comparisons of implementation and training load in individuals with spinal cord injury

2021 ◽  
pp. 1357633X2098273
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Rodrigues Gomes Costa ◽  
Jefferson R Dorneles ◽  
João HCL Veloso ◽  
Carlos WP Gonçalves ◽  
Frederico Ribeiro Neto
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Exercise Programs ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Remote Care ◽  
And Training ◽  
Total Workload

Introduction Tele-exercise could represent an alternative for remote care in individuals with spinal cord injury at this time of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019. However, the differences regarding the training loads and implementation between synchronous and asynchronous types are not yet known. The purpose of this study was to compare the implementation and training load between synchronous and asynchronous tele-exercise programs in individuals with spinal cord injury. Methods Forty individuals with spinal cord injury were recruited and stratified into tetraplegia and paraplegia groups. All subjects performed 3 weeks of both the synchronous and asynchronous tele-exercise programs, after two weeks of familiarization with the exercises, remote connection tools and methods to record information. The primary outcomes were training load (average daily workload and average and total weekly training load) and implementation (adherence and successful exercise recording). Demographic characteristics were obtained from participants' electronic medical records. Results Weekly mean workload, total workload, adherence and successful exercise recording presented significantly higher values in the synchronous compared to asynchronous tele-exercises. Average daily workload did not present significant differences between the tele-exercises. Discussion The training load for each training session presented no differences between synchronous and asynchronous tele-exercises. Both adherence and successful data recording showed more favourable implementation values for synchronous training, thus allowing greater weekly training loads (total and average).

scholarly journals Can Amateur Football Help Players Meet the Requirements for a Healthy Lifestyle? A Case Study

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Fernandez-Rio ◽  
Alejandro Antón-Candanedo ◽  
Jorge García-del Bosque
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
The Right ◽  
Practice Time ◽  
The Impact

The main goal of the study was to obtain objective measures of the impact of a complete pre-season of amateur football on the players&rsquo; physical activity parameters. 17 amateur football players (24.47 &plusmn; 4.53 years) enrolled in the same team agreed to participate. They were asked to wear one accelerometer on the right hip during each training practice. Moderate-to-Vigorous physical activity (MVPA), steps and metabolic-equivalent (METs), among other parameters, were obtained and analyzed. Results showed that players spent an average 54.86% of each training session in MVPA levels, for a total of 100.33 minutes every week (3 training sessions per week). Therefore, this group of amateur football players did not meet the requirements to obtain health benefits from their physical activity program: amateur football. This finding could be considered noteworthy because there are thousands of adults worldwide who play amateur football to maintain a healthy lifestyle. They should be aware that their weekly training load is not enough to help them meet the necessary requirements. They either need more practice time (90-minute sessions) or more sessions. The pre-season training program was rated as &ldquo;somewhat hard&rdquo; by the participants, and quadriceps and hamstrings were mentioned as the most exerted muscles

Elite Junior Australian Football Players Experience Significantly Different Loads Across Levels of Competition and Training Modes

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 2031-2038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J.H. Lathlean ◽  
Paul B. Gastin ◽  
Stuart Newstead ◽  
Caroline F. Finch
Keyword(s):  
Football Players ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
And Training

Analyzing the Seasonal Changes and Relationships in Training Load and Wellness in Elite Volleyball Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe M. Clemente ◽  
Ana F. Silva ◽  
Cain C.T. Clark ◽  
Daniele Conte ◽  
João Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Training

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to (1) analyze the variations of acute and chronic training load and well-being measures during 3 periods of the season (early, mid, and end) and (2) test the associations between weekly training load and well-being measures during different periods of the season. Methods: Thirteen professional volleyball players from a team competing in the Portuguese Volleyball First Division (age 31.0 [5.0] y) were monitored during an entire season. Weekly acute (wAL) and chronic load (wCL), acute to chronic workload ratio (wACWL), and training monotony (wTM) were calculated during all weeks of the season. The weekly values of muscle soreness (wDOMS), stress (wStress), fatigue (wFatigue), sleep (wSleep), and Hooper index (wHI) were also obtained across the season. Results: The midseason had meaningfully low values of wAL (−26.9%; effect size [ES]: −1.12) and wCL (−28.0%; ES: −2.81), and greater values of wACWL (+38.9%; ES: 2.81) compared with early season. The wCL (+10.6%; ES: 0.99), wStress (44.6%; ES: 0.87), and wHI (29.0%; ES: 0.62) were meaningfully greater during the end of season than in midseason. Overall, wAL presented very large correlations with wDOMS (r = .80), wSleep (r = .72), and wFatigue (r = .82). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the load was meaningfully higher during early season; however, stress was higher during the final stages of the season. Overall, it was also found that the acute load is more highly correlated with well-being status and its variations than chronic load or training monotony.

scholarly journals Effect of Player Role and Competition Level on Player Demands in Basketball

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Jodie Palmer ◽  
Daniel Wundersitz ◽  
Rodrigo Bini ◽  
Michael Kingsley
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Competition Level ◽  
Training Demands ◽  
And Training

This study compared basketball training and match demands between player roles (starters, in-rotation bench players, out-rotation bench players) and between competition levels (semi-professional, professional). Thirty-seven players from one professional women’s team, one semi-professional women’s team, and one semi-professional men’s team wore accelerometers during training and matches throughout a competitive season. All teams were used for player role comparisons and the women’s teams were used to compare competition levels. Match and training session average intensity and volume, and durations of relative exercise intensities (inactive, light, moderate-vigorous, maximal, supramaximal) were calculated. Compared to out-rotation bench players, starters experienced twice the average match intensity and volume, spent 50% less match time being inactive, and spent 1.7–4.2× more match time in all other activity categories (p < 0.01). Compared to in-rotation bench players, starters experienced 1.2× greater average match intensity and volume, spent 17% less match time being inactive, and spent 1.4–1.5× more match time performing moderate-vigorous and maximal activity (p < 0.01). No differences in match demands were found between women’s competition levels, however the professional team experienced double the cumulative weekly training volume of the semi-professional team and spent 1.6–2.1× more cumulative weekly time in all activity categories (p < 0.01). To improve performance and reduce injury risk, players should prepare for the greatest match demands they could encounter during a season while considering potential changes to their role. Additionally, players might need their training volume managed when transitioning from a semi-professional to a professional season to reduce the injury risk from sharp increases in training demands.

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