Analyzing the Seasonal Changes and Relationships in Training Load and Wellness in Elite Volleyball Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe M. Clemente ◽  
Ana F. Silva ◽  
Cain C.T. Clark ◽  
Daniele Conte ◽  
João Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Training

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to (1) analyze the variations of acute and chronic training load and well-being measures during 3 periods of the season (early, mid, and end) and (2) test the associations between weekly training load and well-being measures during different periods of the season. Methods: Thirteen professional volleyball players from a team competing in the Portuguese Volleyball First Division (age 31.0 [5.0] y) were monitored during an entire season. Weekly acute (wAL) and chronic load (wCL), acute to chronic workload ratio (wACWL), and training monotony (wTM) were calculated during all weeks of the season. The weekly values of muscle soreness (wDOMS), stress (wStress), fatigue (wFatigue), sleep (wSleep), and Hooper index (wHI) were also obtained across the season. Results: The midseason had meaningfully low values of wAL (−26.9%; effect size [ES]: −1.12) and wCL (−28.0%; ES: −2.81), and greater values of wACWL (+38.9%; ES: 2.81) compared with early season. The wCL (+10.6%; ES: 0.99), wStress (44.6%; ES: 0.87), and wHI (29.0%; ES: 0.62) were meaningfully greater during the end of season than in midseason. Overall, wAL presented very large correlations with wDOMS (r = .80), wSleep (r = .72), and wFatigue (r = .82). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the load was meaningfully higher during early season; however, stress was higher during the final stages of the season. Overall, it was also found that the acute load is more highly correlated with well-being status and its variations than chronic load or training monotony.

Internal Training Load Affects Day-After-Pretraining Perceived Fatigue in Female Volleyball Players

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Alexandru Nicolae Ungureanu ◽  
Corrado Lupo ◽  
Gennaro Boccia ◽  
Paolo Riccardo Brustio
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Volleyball Players

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether the internal (session rating of perceived exertion [sRPE] and Edwards heart-rate-based method) and external training load (jumps) affect the presession well-being perception on the day after (ie, +22 h), according to age and tactical position, in elite (ie, Serie A2) female volleyball training. Methods: Ten female elite volleyball players (age = 23 [4] y, height = 1.82 [0.04] m, body mass = 73.2 [4.9] kg) had their heart rate monitored during 13 team (115 individual) training sessions (duration: 101 [8] min). Mixed-effect models were applied to evaluate whether sRPE, Edwards method, and jumps were correlated (P ≤ .05) to Hooper index factors (ie, perceived sleep quality/disorders, stress level, fatigue, and delayed-onset muscle soreness) in relation to age and tactical position (ie, hitters, central blockers, opposites, and setters). Results: The results showed a direct relationship between sRPE (P < .001) and presession well-being perception 22 hours apart, whereas the relationship was the inverse for Edwards method internal training load. Age, as well as the performed jumps, did not affect the well-being perception of the day after. Finally, central blockers experienced a higher delayed-onset muscle soreness than hitters (P = .003). Conclusions: Findings indicated that female volleyball players’ internal training load influences the pretraining well-being status on the day after (+ 22 h). Therefore, coaches can benefit from this information to accurately implement periodization in a short-term perspective and to properly adopt recovery strategies in relation to the players’ well-being status.

Effects of Presession Well-Being Perception on Internal Training Load in Female Volleyball Players

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Alexandru Nicolae Ungureanu ◽  
Paolo Riccardo Brustio ◽  
Gennaro Boccia ◽  
Alberto Rainoldi ◽  
Corrado Lupo
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Perceived Sleep Quality

Purpose: To evaluate if the internal training load (ITL; Edwards heart rate [HR]-based and session-rating of perceived exertion [RPE] methods) is affected by the presession well-being perception, age, and position in elite (ie, Serie A2) female volleyball training. Methods: Twelve female elite volleyball players (age: 22 [4] y, height: 1.80 [0.06] m, body mass: 74.1 [4.3] kg) were monitored using an HR monitor during 32 team training sessions (duration: 1:36:12 [0:22:24], in h:min:s). Linear mixed-effects models were applied to evaluate if well-being perception (ie, perceived sleep quality/disorders, stress level, fatigue, and delayed-onset muscle soreness) may affect ITL depending on age and tactical position. Results: Presession perceived fatigue influenced ITL according to the session-RPE (P = .032) but not according to the Edwards method. Age was inversely correlated to the Edwards method (P < .001) and directly correlated to the session-RPE (P = .027). Finally, central blockers experienced a higher training load than hitters (P < .001) and liberos (P < .001) for the Edwards method, as well as higher than hitters (P < .001), liberos (P = .003), and setters (P = .008) for  session-RPE. Conclusions: Findings indicated that female volleyball players’ perceived ITL is influenced by presession well-being status, age, and position. Therefore, coaches can benefit from this information to specifically predict players’ ITL in relation to their individual characteristics.

scholarly journals Variations of workload and well-being measures across a professional basketball season

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Ferreira ◽  
Miguel Camões ◽  
Ricardo Franco Lima ◽  
Rui Silva ◽  
Henrique de Oliveira Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Borg Scale ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
European Club ◽  
Second Period

Abstract The aims of this study were: (i) to describe weekly variations of acute load (AL), acute:chronic workload ratio, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue; (ii) to analyze variations of weekly workload and well-being in three periods of the season (P1, P2, and P3); and (iii) to analyze the relationships between workload and well-being measures. Fifteen professional basketball players from a first-league European club were monitored throughout the season using the CR-10 Borg scale and the Hooper questionnaire. Weekly AL and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) were weekly calculated for monitoring of the internal load. In addition, DOMS and fatigue values were weekly calculated. Greater AL, DOMS, and fatigue values were found during the early season, and the highest ACWR value was found during the second period. Overall, AL presented large correlations with DOMS (r=0.60) and fatigue (r=0.62). The results of this study indicate that load is higher in the first period and then decreases throughout the season. The results also showed that AL is more closely related to well-being parameters than ACWR.

Technical and Tactical Training Load in Professional Volleyball Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1338-1343
Author(s):  
Thiago S. Duarte ◽  
Danilo L. Alves ◽  
Danilo R. Coimbra ◽  
Bernardo Miloski ◽  
João C. Bouzas Marins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Technical Training ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Tactical Training ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Training

Purpose: To analyze the technical and tactical training load in professional volleyball players, using subjective internal training load (session rating of perceived exertion  [SRPE]) and objective internal training load (training impulse of the heart rate [HR]) and the relationship between them. Methods: The sample was composed of 15 male professional volleyball players. They were monitored during 37 training sessions that included both technical (n = 23) and tactical (n = 14) training. Technical and training load was calculated using SRPE and training impulse of the HR. Results: Significant correlations were found between the methods in tactical (r = .616) and technical training (r = −.414). Furthermore, it was noted that technical training occurs up to 80% of HRmax (zone 3) and tactical training between 70% and 90% of HRmax (zones 3–4). Conclusions: The training impulse of the HR method has proved to be effective for training-load control during tactical training. However, it was limited compared with technical training. Thus, the use of SRPE is presented as a more reliable method in the different types of technical training in volleyball.

scholarly journals Relationships Between Training Load, Sleep Duration, and Daily Well-Being and Recovery Measures in Youth Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sawczuk ◽  
Ben Jones ◽  
Sean Scantlebury ◽  
Kevin Till
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Simple Tool ◽  
Training Response ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
And Training

Purpose:To assess the relationships between training load, sleep duration, and 3 daily well-being, recovery, and fatigue measures in youth athletes.Methods:Fifty-two youth athletes completed 3 maximal countermovement jumps (CMJs), a daily well-being questionnaire (DWB), the perceived recovery status scale (PRS), and provided details on their previous day’s training loads (training) and self-reported sleep duration (sleep) on 4 weekdays over a 7-week period. Partial correlations, linear mixed models, and magnitude-based inferences were used to assess the relationships between the predictor variables (training and sleep) and the dependent variables (CMJ, DWB, and PRS).Results:There was no relationship between CMJ and training (r = −.09; ±.06) or sleep (r = .01; ±.06). The DWB was correlated with sleep (r = .28; ±.05, small), but not training (r = −.05; ±.06). The PRS was correlated with training (r = −.23; ±.05, small), but not sleep (r = .12; ±.06). The DWB was sensitive to low sleep (d = −0.33; ±0.11) relative to moderate; PRS was sensitive to high (d = −0.36; ±0.11) and low (d = 0.29; ±0.17) training relative to moderate.Conclusions:The PRS is a simple tool to monitor the training response, but DWB may provide a greater understanding of the athlete’s overall well-being. The CMJ was not associated with the training or sleep response in this population.

scholarly journals Psychobiological Changes during National Futsal Team Training Camps and Their Relationship with Training Load

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1843
Author(s):  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Ana Filipa Silva ◽  
Hugo Sarmento ◽  
Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽  
Yi-Wen Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Dependent Relationship

The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to analyze the within-week variations of heart rate, session-rated of perceived exertion (sRPE), total distance, distance in 8.0–11.99 km/h−1, recovery distance in 12.0–17.99 km/h−1, distance in >18.0 km/h−1, maximum speed, number of sprints, heart rate variability, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue during training camps of a national futsal team; and (2) to analyze the relationships between load and the well-being. Twenty-eight men from the Chinese Taipei U−20 national futsal team were analyzed. Comparisons of training days revealed that the total distance was significantly smaller on day 1 (d = −1.22) and day 6 (d = −1.95) than on day 3. The sRPE values were significantly lower on day 1 than days 4 (d = −1.53), 5 (d = −2.07), and 6 (d = −2.59). The relationships between training load and recovery parameters revealed moderate correlations between the DOMS and the sRPE recorded one (r = −0.321) and two days before training (r = −0.289). It is possible conclude that first day imposed a smaller external load and internal load, and that the internal load had a greater dependent relationship with reported DOMS and fatigue during the training camps.

scholarly journals Intra- and Inter-week Variations of Well-Being Across a Season: A Cohort Study in Elite Youth Male Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Nobari ◽  
Maryam Fani ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Jorge Carlos-Vivas ◽  
Jorge Pérez-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Delayed Onset

This study describes the weekly variations of well-being ratings relative to fatigue (wFatigue), stress (wStress), delayed-onset muscle soreness (wDOMS), sleep quality (wSleep), and Hooper questionnaire (wHQ) throughout the season. In addition, the well-being variables for the playing position in different moments of the season were discussed. Twenty-one elite young soccer players U17 took part in this study. From the beginning of the pre-season, well-being status was monitored daily by the HQ method throughout 36 weeks, including four periods: (1) pre-season, (2) early-season, (3) mid-season, and (4) end-season. Players trained at least 3 times per week throughout the season. The main outcome was that, in weeks 33 and 28, the highest [wFatigue: 15.85 ± 3.38 arbitrary units (AU); wHQ: 48.86 ± 9.23 AU] and the lowest (wFatigue: 5.38 ± 1.88 AU; wHQ: 20.43 ± 5.49 AU) wFatigue and wHQ occurred, respectively, although the lowest level of wDOMS happened in week 28 (4.86 ± 2.15 AU), while the highest wDOMS was observed in week 5 (14.65 ± 4.16 AU). The highest wSleep (13.00 ± 2.12 AU) and wStress (11.65 ± 2.92 AU) were observed in weeks 8 and 34, respectively, while the lowest wSleep (5.81 ± 2.29 AU) and wStress (3.76 ± 0.94 AU) were marked in week 29 coincidentally. In the HQ between every weekday, except recovery day, and the day of the match (MD), considerable highest HQ was only revealed in 2 days after MD in contrast to overall team comparison. In the present study, we observed that the well-being changes between different phases of the season as well as between weeks and days of the week with the MD are significant. These results provide a great point of view for coaches and practitioners about well-being variations over a season in elite youth soccer level. As a result, coaches will be more aware about non-functional overreaching and taking measures to prevent it.

scholarly journals The current landscape of youth multi-sport training: athlete and parent insight data

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110418
Author(s):  
Nicola J Robinson ◽  
Stephen J McQuilliam ◽  
Timothy F Donovan ◽  
Carl Langan-Evans ◽  
Amy Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Sport Training ◽  
Session Duration ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Sport Mode

The intent to improve a youth athlete’s ability is developed through structured focused training in the competencies within their sport. To date there is little evidence around how multi-discipline youth athletes organise their training load (TL) outlook in a multitude of sports. The aim of this study was to analyse the daily TL, distribution and wellness in aspiring 10-15yr old pentathletes (n = 31) over 152 ± 35 days. Athletes completed daily reports documenting sport mode, session duration, session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) and wellness (sleep, stress, mood, fatigue, muscle soreness). Parental understanding of training periodisation was used to contextualise the athletes training patterns (n = 15) through semi-structured interviews. Weekly training duration was 5 h 59 min ± 3 h 38 min. The swimming discipline dominates the overall time spent training (50.5%). Pentathlon specific TL was significantly higher in the 14–15 yrs (3000 ± 1207 AUT) in comparison to 10–11 yrs (1837 ± 874 AUT). Weekly micro TL fluctuations showed significant peaks on the weekend compared to Tuesday and Friday (p < 0.05). Wellness scores were significantly worse on Monday to Wednesdays (p < 0.05), compared to Fridays. Parent interviews suggest a multitude of coach input from solo disciplines over a typical week, with little inter-coach discussions. In conclusion there is little structure on a micro or macro level in youth pentathletes training showing multiple-coach input with little coach crossover. Implications for the training/competition is based around convenience/holidays/availability of resources rather than overall individual development, which suggests the potential need for an early specialisation approach to support athletes within this style of multi-discipline sport.

Cardiac parasympathetic regulation: respective associations with cardiorespiratory fitness and training load

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (1) ◽  
pp. H451-H458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Buchheit ◽  
Cyrille Gindre
Keyword(s):  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Multiple Linear Regressions ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Controlled Breathing ◽  
Parasympathetic Regulation ◽  
Linear Regressions ◽  
And Training

The objective of this study was to establish the separate associations between parasympathetic modulations of the heart [evaluated through heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) indexes and postexercise HR recovery (HRR) indexes] with cardiorespiratory fitness and training load. We have measured cardiorespiratory fitness through peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2 max) and estimated weekly training load with the Baecke sport score in 55 middle-aged individuals (30.8 ± 1.8 yr, body mass index 24.5 ± 0.4 kg/m2). HRV indexes were analyzed at rest under controlled breathing, and HRR was estimated from HR curve fitting after maximal exercise or from measurements of the number of beats recovered at 60 s after exercise. Multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the separate relationships between vagal-related HRV indexes and V̇o2 max and Baecke scores. On the basis of their V̇o2 max and Baecke scores, subjects were classified as fit or unfit and as low trained (LT) or moderately trained (MT), which yielded four groups: UnfitLT, UnfitMT, FitLT, and FitMT. Vagal-related HRV indexes were positively correlated with V̇o2 max ( P < 0.05) but not with Baecke scores. In contrast, HRR indexes were related to Baecke scores ( P < 0.05) but not with V̇o2 max. FitLT and FitMT had significantly higher ( P < 0.05) normalized vagal-related HRV indexes than UnfitLT and UnfitMT, but HRR did not change. Moderate training was associated with significantly lower HRR indexes both in UnfitMT and FitMT compared with UnfitLT and FitLT, but there was no difference in vagal-related HRV indexes. These results indicate that vagal-related HRV indexes are related more to cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas HRR appears to be better associated with training load.

scholarly journals Neuromuscular, Endocrine, and Perceptual Fatigue Responses During Different Length Between-Match Microcycles in Professional Rugby League Players

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake D. McLean ◽  
Aaron J. Coutts ◽  
Vince Kelly ◽  
Michael R. McGuigan ◽  
Stuart J. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Daily Training ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Power Perception

Introduction:The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in neuromuscular, perceptual and hormonal measures following professional rugby league matches during different length between-match microcycles.Methods:Twelve professional rugby league players from the same team were assessed for changes in countermovement jump (CMJ) performance (fight time and relative power), perceptual responses (fatigue, well-being and muscle soreness) and salivary hormone (testosterone [T] and cortisol [C]) levels during 5, 7 and 9 d between-match training microcycles. All training was prescribed by the club coaches and was monitored using the session-RPE method.Results:Lower mean daily training load was completed on the 5 d compared with the 7 and 9 d microcycles. CMJ fight time and relative power, perception of fatigue, overall well-being and muscle soreness were signifcantly reduced in the 48 h following the match in each microcycle (P < .05). Most CMJ variables returned to near baseline values following 4 d in each microcycle. Countermovement jump relative power was lower in the 7 d microcycle in comparison with the 9 d microcycle (P < .05). There was increased fatigue at 48 h in the 7 and 9 d microcycles (P < .05) but had returned to baseline in the 5 d microcycle. Salivary T and C did not change in response to the match.Discussion:Neuromuscular performance and perception of fatigue are reduced for at least 48 h following a rugby league match but can be recovered to baseline levels within 4 d. These fndings show that with appropriate training, it is possible to recover neuromuscular and perceptual measures within 4 d after a rugby league match.

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