Effectiveness and Reliability of Foot Orthoses on Impact Loading and Lower Limb Kinematics When Running at Preferred and Nonpreferred Speeds

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Wing K. Lam ◽  
Charis K. Wong ◽  
Lok Y. Park ◽  
Mohammad F. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Loading ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Repeated Analysis ◽  
Arch Support

This study examined the effect of foot orthoses used on ground reaction forces, ankle, and knee kinematics when running at preferred and nonpreferred speeds. Sixteen runners ran on instrumented treadmills at various speeds (90%, 100%, and 110% of preferred speed) when wearing arch-support and flat-control orthoses. Two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the mean and coefficient of variation of all variables. Results indicated that arch-support orthoses experienced larger maximum loading rates than flat-control orthoses (P = .017, 95% CI, 2.22 to 19.53). Slower speed was related to smaller loading rates (preferred: P = .002, 95% CI, −17.02 to −4.20; faster: P = .003, 95% CI, −29.78 to −6.17), shorter stride length (preferred: P < .001, 95% CI, −0.204 to −0.090; faster: P < .001, 95% CI, −0.382 to −0.237), and longer contact time (preferred: P < .001, 95% CI, 0.006–0.021; faster: 95% CI, 0.012–0.042). In arch-support condition, preferred speed induced higher stride length coefficient of variation (P = .046, 95% CI, 0.035–1.117) than faster speed, while displaying no differences in flat-control condition. These findings suggest that the use of arch-support orthoses would influence impact loading, but not spatial-temporal and joint kinematics in recreational runners.

scholarly journals Ground Reaction Forces of Dressage Horses Performing the Piaffe

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Mary Clayton ◽  
Sarah Jane Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
High Coefficient ◽  
Reaction Forces

The piaffe is an artificial, diagonally coordinated movement performed in the highest levels of dressage competition. The ground reaction forces (GRFs) of horses performing the piaffe do not appear to have been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe three-dimensional GRFs in ridden dressage horses performing the piaffe. In-ground force plates were used to capture fore and hindlimb GRF data from seven well-trained dressage horses. Peak vertical GRF was significantly higher in forelimbs than in the hindlimbs (7.39 ± 0.99 N/kg vs. 6.41 ± 0.64 N/kg; p < 0.001) with vertical impulse showing a trend toward higher forelimb values. Peak longitudinal forces were small with no difference in the magnitude of braking or propulsive forces between fore and hindlimbs. Peak transverse forces were similar in magnitude to longitudinal forces and were mostly directed medially in the hindlimbs. Both the intra- and inter-individual variability of longitudinal and transverse GRFs were high (coefficient of variation 25–68%). Compared with the other diagonal gaits of dressage horses, the vertical GRF somewhat shifted toward the hindlimbs. The high step-to-step variability of the horizontal GRF components is thought to reflect the challenge of balancing on one diagonal pair of limbs with no forward momentum.

Ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns on two different surfaces at the trot

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Gustås ◽  
Christopher Johnston ◽  
Stig Drevemo
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Triaxial Accelerometer ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Sand Surface ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Force Data

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to compare the hoof deceleration and ground reaction forces following impact on two different surfaces. Seven unshod Standardbreds were trotted by hand at 3.0–5.7 m s− 1 over a force plate covered by either of the two surfaces, sandpaper or a 1 cm layer of sand. Impact deceleration data were recorded from one triaxial accelerometer mounted on the fore- and hind hooves, respectively. Ground reaction force data were obtained synchronously from a force plate, sampled at 4.8 kHz. The differences between the two surfaces were studied by analysing representative deceleration and force variables for individual horses. The maximum horizontal peak deceleration and the loading rates of the vertical and the horizontal forces were significantly higher on sandpaper compared with the sand surface (P < 0.001). In addition, the initial vertical deceleration was significantly higher on sandpaper in the forelimb (P < 0.001). In conclusion, it was shown that the different qualities of the ground surface result in differences in the hoof-braking pattern, which may be of great importance for the strength of the distal horse limb also at slow speeds.

scholarly journals Heel impact forces during barefoot versus minimally shod walking among Tarahumara subsistence farmers and urban Americans

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 180044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J. Wallace ◽  
Elizabeth Koch ◽  
Nicholas B. Holowka ◽  
Daniel E. Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Effective Mass ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Musculoskeletal Health ◽  
Subsistence Farmers ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Walking Biomechanics ◽  
Reaction Forces

Despite substantial recent interest in walking barefoot and in minimal footwear, little is known about potential differences in walking biomechanics when unshod versus minimally shod. To test the hypothesis that heel impact forces are similar during barefoot and minimally shod walking, we analysed ground reaction forces recorded in both conditions with a pedography platform among indigenous subsistence farmers, the Tarahumara of Mexico, who habitually wear minimal sandals, as well as among urban Americans wearing commercially available minimal sandals. Among both the Tarahumara ( n  = 35) and Americans ( n  = 30), impact peaks generated in sandals had significantly ( p  < 0.05) higher force magnitudes, slower loading rates and larger vertical impulses than during barefoot walking. These kinetic differences were partly due to individuals' significantly greater effective mass when walking in sandals. Our results indicate that, in general, people tread more lightly when walking barefoot than in minimal footwear. Further research is needed to test if the variations in impact peaks generated by walking barefoot or in minimal shoes have consequences for musculoskeletal health.

Effects of arch-support orthoses on ground reaction forces and lower extremity kinematics related to running at various inclinations

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (14) ◽  
pp. 1629-1634
Author(s):  
Wing-Kai Lam ◽  
Lok-Yee Pak ◽  
Charis King-Wai Wong ◽  
Mohammad Farhan Tan ◽  
Sang-Kyoon Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Arch Support

Sex and stride length impact leg stiffness and ground reaction forces when running with body borne load

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Lobb ◽  
AuraLea C. Fain ◽  
Kayla D. Seymore ◽  
Tyler N. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Leg Stiffness ◽  
Reaction Forces

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF PEDAL RATES ON PEDAL REACTION FORCES DURING ELLIPTICAL EXERCISE

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Lien Chien ◽  
Tsung-Yuan Tsai ◽  
Tung-Wu Lu
Keyword(s):  
Step Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Pedal Rate ◽  
Marker Data ◽  
Level Walking ◽  
Basic Force ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Pedaling Rate

Despite the growing popularity in recent years of elliptical exercise (EE), little is known regarding the loadings applied to the body during EE. Since overloading to the body may lead to early fatigue of the muscles and increase the incidence of overuse injuries, such information is necessary for safe use of the elliptical trainer (ET) as a fitness tool. The current study aimed to determine the typical patterns and loading rates of the measured pedal reaction forces (PRF), and to quantify their differences from those during level walking, and the effects of pedaling rate. Fifteen male adults performed level walking and EE while 3D marker data, right PRFs and ground reaction forces (GRF) were measured. The parameters of the ET were set for two different pedal rates: 50 rpm and 70 rpm. For each pedal rate, the parameters were set to match the variables measured during level walking, with a mean step length of 55% leg length and no workload. During early stance the vertical PRF was smaller than the GRF, while the medial and posterior PRF were greater. PRFs also occurred during swing. Loading rates around heelstrike during EE were all smaller than those during walking. The medial, anterior and posterior PRF, as well as the medial and vertial loading rates increased with increasing pedal rates. The basic force patterns of EE and the effects of pedal rate were established in order to determine the true potential for such instrumentation in locomotion analysis. The results will be helpful for future related studies.

Comparison of the correlations between impact loading rates and peak accelerations measured at two different body sites: Intra- and inter-subject analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 53-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet H. Zhang ◽  
Winko W. An ◽  
Ivan P.H. Au ◽  
Tony L. Chen ◽  
Roy T.H. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Impact Loading ◽  
Subject Analysis ◽  
Loading Rates
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