Frontal Plane Moments Do Not Accurately Reflect Ankle Dynamics during Running

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian M. O’Connor ◽  
Joseph Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Joint Moment ◽  
Muscle Action ◽  
Universal Joint ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Joint Axis

The ankle joint has typically been treated as a universal joint with moments calculated about orthogonal axes and the frontal plane moment generally used to represent the net muscle action about the subtalar joint. However, this joint acts about an oblique axis. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between joint moments calculated about the orthogonal frontal plane axis and an estimated subtalar joint axis. Three-dimensional data were colected on 10 participants running at 3.6 m/s. Joint moments, power, and work were calculated about the orthogonal frontal plane axis of the foot and about an oblique axis representing the subtalar joint. Selected parameters were compared with a paired t-test (α = 0.05). The results indicated that the joint moments calculated about the two axes were characteristically different. A moment calculated about an orthogonal frontal plane axis of the foot resulted in a joint moment that was invertor in nature during the first half of stance, but evertor during the second half of stance. The subtalar joint axis moment, however, was invertor during most of the stance. These two patterns may result in qualitatively different interpretations of the muscular contributions at the ankle during the stance phase of running.

Interpretation of Ankle Joint Moments during the Stance Phase of Walking: A Comparison of Two Orthogonal Axes Systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne E. Hunt ◽  
Richard M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
The Body ◽  
Global Coordinate System ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Joint Moments

Three-dimensional ankle joint moments were calculated in two separate coordinate systems, from 18 healthy men during the stance phase of walking, and were then compared. The objective was to determine the extent of differences in the calculated moments between these two commonly used systems and their impact on interpretation. Video motion data were obtained using skin surface markers, and ground reaction force data were recorded from a force platform. Moments acting on the foot were calculated about three orthogonal axes, in a global coordinate system (GCS) and also in a segmental coordinate system (SCS). No differences were found for the sagittal moments. However, compared to the SCS, the GCS significantly (p < .001) overestimated the predominant invertor moment at midstance and until after heel rise. It also significantly (p < .05) underestimated the late stance evertor moment. This frontal plane discrepancy was attributed to sensitivity of the GCS to the degree of abduction of the foot. For the transverse plane, the abductor moment peaked earlier (p < .01) and was relatively smaller (p < .01) in the GCS. Variability in the transverse plane was greater for the SCS, and attributed to its sensitivity to the degree of rearfoot inversion. We conclude that the two coordinate systems result in different calculations of nonsagittal moments at the ankle joint during walking. We propose that the body-based SCS provides a more meaningful interpretation of function than the GCS and would be the preferred method in clinical research, for example where there is marked abduction of the foot.

Clinical determination of the linear equation for the subtalar joint axis

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Phillips ◽  
RH Lidtke
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equation ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Joint Axis

The authors present a methodology to measure the frontal plane angular and linear displacement and the transverse plane angular displacement of subtalar joint movement. This method is combined with a modification of the Kirby method for determining the transverse plane projection of the subtalar joint axis onto the plantar foot. A mathematical model is then used to construct the subtalar joint axis into a three-dimensional linear equation. Data are obtained from an in vivo series of 62 feet that indicates that within acceptable clinical errors of measurement the subtalar joint is a ginglymus type of joint that moves around a single fixed axis. Results also indicate that the subtalar joint axis is more superior and lateral to the neutral foot than any previous studies on cadaver feet have shown. Finally, the authors show that once the subtalar joint axis can be accurately located, the torque on the joint axis produced by ground reactive forces and muscular forces can be computed.

The Subtalar Joint Axis Locator

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon K. Spooner ◽  
Kevin A. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Exit Point ◽  
Neck Position ◽  
Dorsal Aspect ◽  
Joint Axis ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Rotational Motions

A new clinical device, the subtalar joint axis locator, was created to track the three-dimensional location of the subtalar joint axis during weightbearing movements of the foot. The assumption was that if the anterior exit point of the subtalar joint axis is stationary relative to the dorsal aspect of the talar neck, then, by performing radiographs of the feet with the subtalar joint axis locator in place on the foot, the ability of the locator to track rotations and translations of the talar neck and thus the subtalar joint axis in space could be approximated. In this preliminary study of two adults, the subtalar joint axis locator accurately tracked the talar neck position during weightbearing rotational motions of the subtalar joint. The device was also used in a series of subjects to determine its dynamic capabilities. It is possible, then, that the subtalar joint axis locator can reliably track the spatial location of the subtalar joint axis during weightbearing movements of the foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(3): 212–219, 2006)

scholarly journals Ankle morphometry based on computerized tomography

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0003
Author(s):  
Christian Plaass ◽  
Leif Claassen ◽  
Christina Stukenborg-Colsman ◽  
Daiwei Yao ◽  
Kiriakos Daniilidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Arc Length ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Talar Dome ◽  
Talocrural Joint ◽  
Joint Axis ◽  
Ankle Replacement ◽  
Length Width

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Understanding the morphometry of the ankle joint is crucial to improve total ankle replacement (TAR). Despite improvements of the implant material TAR did not reach comparable success rates to total hip or knee arthroplasty. Recent studies queried whether current designs match with the articular geometry. The present study was performed to evaluate the ankle morphometry and thereby gain information about the joint axis. Methods: We analyzed 96 high-resolution CT-scans of complete caucasian cadaver legs. Using the software Mimics and 3-Matic (Materialize) 22 anatomic parameters of the talocrural joint were assessed, including the length, width and surface area of the tibial and talar bearing areas. Additionally the radii of the bearing areas, the medial distal tibial angle and the height of the talar dome were determined. Therefore we analyzed defined sagittal, axial and frontal planes. Results: The radius of the central trochlea tali was 44.6 ± 4.1 mm (mean ± SD). The central trochlea tali arc length was 40.8 ± 3.0 mm and its width was 27.4 ± 2.5 mm. Additionally we determined 47.0 ± 4.4 mm for the tibial sagittal radius, 27.6 ± 3.0 mm for the tibial arc length and 27.4 ± 2.5 mm for the central tibial width. Conclusion: The present study describes the three-dimensional morphometry of the caucasian ankle joint. Our results might be considered for the development of total ankle replacements.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional Analysis of the Talocrural Joint Axis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0003
Author(s):  
Christian Plaass ◽  
Leif Claassen ◽  
Christina Stukenborg-Colsman ◽  
Daiwei Yao ◽  
Kiriakos Daniilidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Talocrural Joint ◽  
Joint Axis

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: The total ankle replacement (TAR) is increasingly used in cases of severe ankle arthritis. Although the knowledge about joint kinematics is crucial for designing and positioning of TAR there is no consensus about the talocrural joint axis. The aim of the present study was the determination of the kinematic rotational axis of the talocrural joint as an orientation for prosthesis positioning. Methods: We analyzed 96 CT-scans of full cadaver caucasien legs. With the software Mimic, 3-Matic (both Materialize) and GOM inspect we generated three-dimensional reconstruction models of the talus and a best fitting cone orientated to the talar articular surface. The kinematic rotational axis was defined to be the axis of this cone. Results: The determination of the kinematic rotational axis showed a high inter- and intrarater reliability. The kinematic rotational axis of the talocrural joint is orientated from lateral-distal to medial-proximal (84.9° ± 8.5 compared to mechanical tibial axis in frontal plane), from dorsal-proximal to anterior-distal (93.1° ± 42.3 compared to mechanical tibial axis in sagittal plane) and from dorsal-lateral to anterior-medial (169.0° ± 6.7 compared to mechanical tibial axis in axial plane). A high standard deviation especially in the sagittal plane was noteworthy. Conclusion: With the present study we present a new reproducable single-axis model of the talocrural joint. Our data showed relevant interindividual variations. The consideration of these variations might support the development of patient-specific TAR implantation techniques.

Walking on High Heels Changes Muscle Activity and the Dynamics of Human Walking Significantly

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik B. Simonsen ◽  
Morten B. Svendsen ◽  
Andreas Nørreslet ◽  
Henrik K. Baldvinsson ◽  
Thomas Heilskov-Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Heel Height ◽  
High Heels

The aim of the study was to investigate the distribution of net joint moments in the lower extremities during walking on high-heeled shoes compared with barefooted walking at identical speed. Fourteen female subjects walked at 4 km/h across three force platforms while they were filmed by five digital video cameras operating at 50 frames/second. Both barefooted walking and walking on high-heeled shoes (heel height: 9 cm) were recorded. Net joint moments were calculated by 3D inverse dynamics. EMG was recorded from eight leg muscles. The knee extensor moment peak in the first half of the stance phase was doubled when walking on high heels. The knee joint angle showed that high-heeled walking caused the subjects to flex the knee joint significantly more in the first half of the stance phase. In the frontal plane a significant increase was observed in the knee joint abductor moment and the hip joint abductor moment. Several EMG parameters increased significantly when walking on high-heels. The results indicate a large increase in bone-on-bone forces in the knee joint directly caused by the increased knee joint extensor moment during high-heeled walking, which may explain the observed higher incidence of osteoarthritis in the knee joint in women as compared with men.

The Amount of Rearfoot Motion Used During the Stance Phase of Walking

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Dowdy Youberg ◽  
Mark W. Cornwall ◽  
Thomas G. McPoil ◽  
Patrick R. Hannon
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Clinical Implication ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Rearfoot Motion ◽  
Rearfoot Eversion

The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of available passive frontal plane rearfoot motion that is used during the stance phase of walking. Data were collected from 40 healthy, asymptomatic volunteer subjects (20 men and 20 women) aged 23 to 44 years. Passive inversion and eversion motion was measured in a nonweightbearing position by manually moving the calcaneus. Dynamic rearfoot motion was referenced to a vertical calcaneus and tibia and was measured using a three-dimensional electromagnetic motion-analysis system. The results indicated that individuals used 68.1% of their available passive eversion range of motion and 13.2% of their available passive inversion range of motion during walking. The clinical implication of individuals’ regularly operating at or near the end point of their available rearfoot eversion range of motion is discussed. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(4): 376–382, 2005)

Influence of Custom Foot Orthotic Intervention on Lower Extremity Intralimb Coupling during a 30-Minute Run

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. MacLean ◽  
Richard van Emmerik ◽  
Joseph Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coupling Angle ◽  
Foot Orthotic

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of a custom foot orthotic (CFO) intervention on lower extremity intralimb coupling during a 30-min run in a group of injured runners and to compare the results to a control group of healthy runners. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected during a 30-min run on healthy female runners (Shoe-only) and a group of female runners who had a recent history of overuse injury (Shoe-only and Shoe with custom foot orthoses). Results from the study revealed that the coordination variability and pattern for the some couplings were influenced by history of injury, foot orthotic intervention and the duration of the run. These data suggest that custom foot orthoses worn by injured runners may play a role in the maintenance of coordination variability of the tibia (transverse plane) and calcaneus (frontal plane) coupling during the Early Stance phase. In addition, it appears that the coupling angle between the knee (transverse plane) and rearfoot (frontal plane) joints becomes more symmetrical in the late stance phase as a run progresses.

Influence of the Interosseous Talocalcaneal Ligament Injury on Stability of the Ankle-Subtalar Joint Complex — a Cadaveric Experimental Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 486-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Tochigi ◽  
Kazuhisa Takahashi ◽  
Masatsune Yamagata ◽  
Tamotsu Tamaki
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Ligament Injury ◽  
Anterior Talofibular Ligament ◽  
Ankle Ligaments ◽  
Lateral Ankle Ligaments

The present study aims to clarify the influence of the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (ITCL) injury associated with injury to the lateral ankle ligaments on the ankle-subtalar joint complex motion under conditions of physiologic loading. We conducted mechanical tests using five fresh cadaveric lower extremities. Each specimen was mounted in the loading device and an axial cyclic load from 9.8 to 686 N was applied. Three-dimensional rotations of the ankle and the subtalar joint were measured simultaneously by a linkage electric goniometer. Mechanical tests were repeated after sectioning of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), and again after additional sectioning of the ITCL. In the intact condition, the ankle and the subtalar joints rotated consistently with increase of the load. The predominant rotations were plantar flexion and adduction at the ankle joint, with some eversion demonstrated at the subtalar joint. Although ATFL sectioning did not significantly change the motion of the two joints, additional sectioning of the ITCL significantly increased adduction and total rotation of the ankle joint. The present study demonstrated that a combined injury of the ATFL and the ITCL can induce anterolateral rotatory instability of the ankle joint under conditions of axial loading.

The Effect of Excessive Subtalar Inversion/Eversion on the Dynamic Function of the Soleus and Gastrocnemius During the Stance Phase

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoli Wang ◽  
Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik
Keyword(s):  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Heel Strike ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Plantar Flexor ◽  
Normal Gait ◽  
Joint Axis ◽  
Dynamic Function ◽  
Foot Pronation ◽  
Pathological Gait

Gastrocnemius and soleus are often considered as ankle plantarflexors. Their dynamic functions in normal and pathological gait have been well-studied. However, in a neutral position, the tendon passes medial to the subtalar joint axis and therefore produces an inversion moment in addition to the plantar-flexor moment [1]. It was believed that gastrocnemius and soleus are the major dynamic stabilizers preventing excess foot pronation. During normal gait, the subtalar joint experiences rapid eversion following heel strike and subsequent inversion during terminal stance [2]. Varus and valgus foot positions caused by excessive subtalar inversion/eversion can be found in spastic and flaccid paralysis [3]. Although it is widely understood that muscle forces can have important local and remote effects on joints and segments [4], the interrelations between dynamic gastrocnemius and soleus functions and excessive subtalar inversion/eversion remain unclear.

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