Clinical determination of the linear equation for the subtalar joint axis

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Phillips ◽  
RH Lidtke
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equation ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Joint Axis

The authors present a methodology to measure the frontal plane angular and linear displacement and the transverse plane angular displacement of subtalar joint movement. This method is combined with a modification of the Kirby method for determining the transverse plane projection of the subtalar joint axis onto the plantar foot. A mathematical model is then used to construct the subtalar joint axis into a three-dimensional linear equation. Data are obtained from an in vivo series of 62 feet that indicates that within acceptable clinical errors of measurement the subtalar joint is a ginglymus type of joint that moves around a single fixed axis. Results also indicate that the subtalar joint axis is more superior and lateral to the neutral foot than any previous studies on cadaver feet have shown. Finally, the authors show that once the subtalar joint axis can be accurately located, the torque on the joint axis produced by ground reactive forces and muscular forces can be computed.

Frontal Plane Moments Do Not Accurately Reflect Ankle Dynamics during Running

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian M. O’Connor ◽  
Joseph Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Joint Moment ◽  
Muscle Action ◽  
Universal Joint ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Joint Axis

The ankle joint has typically been treated as a universal joint with moments calculated about orthogonal axes and the frontal plane moment generally used to represent the net muscle action about the subtalar joint. However, this joint acts about an oblique axis. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between joint moments calculated about the orthogonal frontal plane axis and an estimated subtalar joint axis. Three-dimensional data were colected on 10 participants running at 3.6 m/s. Joint moments, power, and work were calculated about the orthogonal frontal plane axis of the foot and about an oblique axis representing the subtalar joint. Selected parameters were compared with a paired t-test (α = 0.05). The results indicated that the joint moments calculated about the two axes were characteristically different. A moment calculated about an orthogonal frontal plane axis of the foot resulted in a joint moment that was invertor in nature during the first half of stance, but evertor during the second half of stance. The subtalar joint axis moment, however, was invertor during most of the stance. These two patterns may result in qualitatively different interpretations of the muscular contributions at the ankle during the stance phase of running.

Three-Dimensional In Vivo Kinematics of the Subtalar Joint During Dorsi-Plantarflexion and Inversion-Eversion

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (05) ◽  
pp. 432-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Goto ◽  
Hisao Moritomo ◽  
Tomonobu Itohara ◽  
Tetsu Watanabe ◽  
Kazuomi Sugamoto
Keyword(s):  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Vivo Kinematics ◽  
And Inversion

The Subtalar Joint Axis Locator

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon K. Spooner ◽  
Kevin A. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Exit Point ◽  
Neck Position ◽  
Dorsal Aspect ◽  
Joint Axis ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Rotational Motions

A new clinical device, the subtalar joint axis locator, was created to track the three-dimensional location of the subtalar joint axis during weightbearing movements of the foot. The assumption was that if the anterior exit point of the subtalar joint axis is stationary relative to the dorsal aspect of the talar neck, then, by performing radiographs of the feet with the subtalar joint axis locator in place on the foot, the ability of the locator to track rotations and translations of the talar neck and thus the subtalar joint axis in space could be approximated. In this preliminary study of two adults, the subtalar joint axis locator accurately tracked the talar neck position during weightbearing rotational motions of the subtalar joint. The device was also used in a series of subjects to determine its dynamic capabilities. It is possible, then, that the subtalar joint axis locator can reliably track the spatial location of the subtalar joint axis during weightbearing movements of the foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(3): 212–219, 2006)

scholarly journals BIOMECHANICAL EFFECTS OF HYPERPRONATION ON MULTIDIRECTIONAL ANKLE ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT AND STIFFNESS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (09) ◽  
pp. 2040012
Author(s):  
GEON KIM ◽  
JIHEE JUNG ◽  
YOUNGJOO CHA ◽  
JOSHUA (SUNG) H. YOU
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Neutral Group ◽  
Stiffness Reduction ◽  
Ankle Stiffness ◽  
Foot Injury ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Angular Displacements

Hyperpronation of the foot is believed to contribute to ankle hypermobility and associated stiffness reduction, but the underlying biomechanical mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimsed to investigate multidirectional ankle displacement and associated stiffness when a posterior–anterior impact force was applied to the posterior knee compartment. Forty healthy adults with and without foot hyperpronation were recruited. A three-dimensional motion capture system and force plates were used to acquire angular displacement and ankle joint moment data. The independent [Formula: see text]-test and Mann–Whitney [Formula: see text] test were used to compare the group differences in ankle angular displacement, moment, and stiffness. Spearman’s rho test was performed to determine the relationship between ankle angular displacement and stiffness. The hyperpronation group demonstrated significantly greater sagittal ([Formula: see text]) and frontal plane ([Formula: see text]) angular displacements and reduced sagittal plane ankle stiffness ([Formula: see text]) than the neutral group. The Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a close inverse relationship between the ankle angular displacement and stiffness, ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. The biomechanical data in our study suggest that individuals with foot hyperpronation present with multidirectional hypermobility and a reduction in ankle stiffness. These factors contribute to an increased risk of ankle-foot injury in individuals with foot hyperpronation.

Direct Observation of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles In Vivo

2012 ◽  
Vol 503-504 ◽  
pp. 688-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Jun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

While nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) has been well known for series of amazing properties in chemical or physical, the controversy on the risks of its applications has also been existed. The worries of nano-HAP applications in preclinic and clinic indicate the blank researches of nano-HAP pharmacodynamics. It is important and necessary to trace and clarify the localizations of HAP nanoparticles in vivo. In the present paper, 18F is used as radiotracer for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of HAP nanoparticles. Through the transverse plane slices and three-dimensional reconstruction pictures, it is very clear to observe the localization of nano-HAP in vivo at real time. Most nano-HAP particles were noted in organs lump, liver, spleen, stomach and existed for period of time. Therefore, PET can be a new powerful technique for tracing nano-biomaterial and their pharmacodynamics researches.

CPG-Controlled Frontal Biped Model for the Evaluation of Pathological Gait

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betsy V. Hunter ◽  
Yasin Y. Dhaher
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Gait Adaptation ◽  
Gait Kinematics ◽  
Model Dynamics ◽  
Stable Gait ◽  
Pathological Gait ◽  
Inclined Surface

Increased frontal-plane hip movement of the affected leg during the swing phase is a commonly observed gait adaptation in stroke patients. Recent evidence suggests that pathologically-induced torque coupling may contribute to asymmetric gait behaviors observed following stroke. This study proposes to use a CPG-controlled three-dimensional (3D) bipedal model to quantify the effects of abnormal torque coupling on frontal plane gait kinematics. Model dynamics have been evaluated using overground data collection observed under comparable in vivo experimental conditions. The CPG controller has demonstrated ability to provide sustained stable gait over an inclined surface in a simplified model. Preliminary results indicate that the proposed framework is feasible to control a 3D model for investigating the effects of torque coupling on the abnormal frontal plane kinematics of pathological gait.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional Analysis of the Talocrural Joint Axis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0003
Author(s):  
Christian Plaass ◽  
Leif Claassen ◽  
Christina Stukenborg-Colsman ◽  
Daiwei Yao ◽  
Kiriakos Daniilidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Talocrural Joint ◽  
Joint Axis

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: The total ankle replacement (TAR) is increasingly used in cases of severe ankle arthritis. Although the knowledge about joint kinematics is crucial for designing and positioning of TAR there is no consensus about the talocrural joint axis. The aim of the present study was the determination of the kinematic rotational axis of the talocrural joint as an orientation for prosthesis positioning. Methods: We analyzed 96 CT-scans of full cadaver caucasien legs. With the software Mimic, 3-Matic (both Materialize) and GOM inspect we generated three-dimensional reconstruction models of the talus and a best fitting cone orientated to the talar articular surface. The kinematic rotational axis was defined to be the axis of this cone. Results: The determination of the kinematic rotational axis showed a high inter- and intrarater reliability. The kinematic rotational axis of the talocrural joint is orientated from lateral-distal to medial-proximal (84.9° ± 8.5 compared to mechanical tibial axis in frontal plane), from dorsal-proximal to anterior-distal (93.1° ± 42.3 compared to mechanical tibial axis in sagittal plane) and from dorsal-lateral to anterior-medial (169.0° ± 6.7 compared to mechanical tibial axis in axial plane). A high standard deviation especially in the sagittal plane was noteworthy. Conclusion: With the present study we present a new reproducable single-axis model of the talocrural joint. Our data showed relevant interindividual variations. The consideration of these variations might support the development of patient-specific TAR implantation techniques.

scholarly journals In Vivo Kinematics of the Tibiotalar and Subtalar Joints in Asymptomatic Subjects: A High-Speed Dual Fluoroscopy Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koren E. Roach ◽  
Bibo Wang ◽  
Ashley L. Kapron ◽  
Niccolo M. Fiorentino ◽  
Charles L. Saltzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
High Speed ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tibiotalar Joint ◽  
In Vivo Kinematics ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects ◽  
Capture Techniques

Measurements of joint kinematics are essential to understand the pathomechanics of ankle disease and the effects of treatment. Traditional motion capture techniques do not provide measurements of independent tibiotalar and subtalar joint motion. In this study, high-speed dual fluoroscopy images of ten asymptomatic adults were acquired during treadmill walking at 0.5 m/s and 1.0 m/s and a single-leg, balanced heel-rise. Three-dimensional (3D) CT models of each bone and dual fluoroscopy images were used to quantify in vivo kinematics for the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. Dynamic tibiotalar and subtalar mean joint angles often exhibited opposing trends during captured stance. During both speeds of walking, the tibiotalar joint had significantly greater dorsi/plantarflexion (D/P) angular ROM than the subtalar joint while the subtalar joint demonstrated greater inversion/eversion (In/Ev) and internal/external rotation (IR/ER) than the tibiotalar joint. During balanced heel-rise, only D/P and In/Ev were significantly different between the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. Translational ROM in the anterior/posterior (AP) direction was significantly greater in the subtalar than the tibiotalar joint during walking at 0.5 m/s. Overall, our results support the long-held belief that the tibiotalar joint is primarily responsible for D/P, while the subtalar joint facilitates In/Ev and IR/ER. However, the subtalar joint provided considerable D/P rotation, and the tibiotalar joint rotated about all three axes, which, along with translational motion, suggests that each joint undergoes complex, 3D motion.

Reliability and Accuracy in Three-Dimensional Gait Analysis: A Comparison of Two Lower Body Protocols

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Stief ◽  
Harald Böhm ◽  
Katja Michel ◽  
Ansgar Schwirtz ◽  
Leonhard Döderlein
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Landmark Identification ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Flexion Extension

The standard Plug-in-Gait (PiG) protocol used in three-dimensional gait analysis is prone to errors arising from inconsistent anatomical landmark identification and knee axis malalignment. The purpose of this study was to estimate the reliability and accuracy of a custom made lower body protocol (MA) compared with the PiG protocol. Twenty-fve subjects volunteered to evaluate the intertrial reliability. In addition, intersession reliability was examined in 10 participants. An indirect indicator of accuracy according to the knee varus/valgus and flexion/extension range of motion (ROM) was used. Regarding frontal plane knee angles and moments as well as transverse plane motions in the knee and hip joint, the intersession errors were lower for the MA compared with the standard approach. In reference to the knee joint angle cross-talk, the MA produced 4.7° more knee flexion/extension ROM and resulted in 6.5° less knee varus/valgus ROM in the frontal plane. Therefore, the MA tested in this study produced a more accurate and reliable knee joint axis compared with the PiG protocol. These results are especially important for measuring frontal and transverse plane gait parameters.

Three-Dimensional In Vivo Kinematics of the Subtalar Joint During Dorsi-Plantarflexion and Inversion–Eversion

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 432-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Goto ◽  
Hisao Moritomo ◽  
Tomonobu Itohara ◽  
Tetsu Watanabe ◽  
Kazuomi Sugamoto
Keyword(s):  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Close Spatial Relationship ◽  
Mri Sequences ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Motion Plane

Background: It is difficult to determine the kinematics of the subtalar joint because of its anatomical and functional complexity. The purpose of the study was to clarify the 3D kinematics of the subtalar joint in vivo. Materials and Methods: Subjects were four healthy female volunteers. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences were acquired in seven positions during dorsi-plantarflexion (DPF) and in 10 positions during inversion-eversion (IE) at intervals of 10 degrees. MRI data of the talus and calcaneus in the neutral position were superimposed on images of the other positions using voxel-based registration, and relative motions and axes of rotation were visualized and quantitatively calculated. Results: The calcaneus always rotated from dorsolateral to medioplantar during DPF and IE, and the motion plane was very similar to that of the entire foot in IE. The axes of rotation of the calcaneus relative to the talus during DPF and IE had a very close spatial relationship, running obliquely from antero-dorsomedial to postero-planto-lateral and penetrating the talar neck. The rotation angle around each of these calcaneal axes tended to be greater in IE (20 degrees ± 2 degrees) than in DPF (16 degrees ± 3 degrees). In DPF, motion of the calcaneus relative to the talus occurred predominantly around maximum dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, with little movement observed at intermediate positions. During IE, the calcaneus exhibited uninterrupted motion related to foot movement. Conclusion: The subtalar joint is essentially a uniaxial joint with a motion plane almost identical to that of IE of the entire foot. Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of normal subtalar kinematics may be helpful when evaluating pathologic conditions.

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