The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cocaine Intake in Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-243
Author(s):  
Anthony Ferreira ◽  
Fernando Perez-Diaz ◽  
Charles Cohen-Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Behavioral Predictors ◽  
Wheel Activity ◽  
Solution Intake ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Intense Physical Activity

Human studies suggest the existence of an exercise dependency syndrome and a link between drug intake and intense physical activity. Our aim was to assess whether a link actually existed between running activity and cocaine intake in mice. Thirty male Swiss mice were used. Ten mice were used as controls, individually housed in cages without a wheel, and 20 mice were in cages with free access to a running wheel. Cocaine preference was estimated as the ratio (as percent) of cocaine solution intake over total fuid intake in the course of free oral access to cocaine solution versus water. High cocaine scores were only found with high wheel activity. The lowest activity scores were found with low cocaine preference. A group of “high runners” impervious to cocaine appetence and to the effects of exercise withdrawal were found, which may suggest that shared mechanisms could be involved in both dependence on sport and drug taking. Findings suggest that moderate activity seems to be associated with low cocaine preference, and cocaine intake could increase in cases of intense activity. The urge for physical activity (as seen with top-level professional athletes) may theoretically combine with different degrees of vulnerability to cocaine. The use of substances by those engaging in intense physical activity, for performance enhancement or recreational purposes, could potentially trigger a pattern of consumption and addiction. This pattern corresponds with the theory that there may be an addictive element in physical activity. Animal models could prove useful for identifying biological or behavioral predictors of such vulnerability and identifying persons either at risk or possessing resistance.

scholarly journals Changes in body composition with a hypocaloric diet combined with sedentary, moderate and high-intense physical activity: a randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hernández-Reyes ◽  
F. Cámara-Martos ◽  
R. Molina-Luque ◽  
M. Romero-Saldaña ◽  
G. Molina-Recio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Physical Activity Group ◽  
Intense Physical Activity

Abstract Background There is evidence showing the effectiveness of a hypocaloric diet and the increase in physical activity on weight loss. However, the combined role of these factors, not only on weight loss but also body composition, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a hypocaloric diet on the body composition of obese adult women throughout different degrees of physical activity during a weight loss program. Methods One hundred and seventeen healthy female volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups: a control group with a low-level prescription of physical activity (1–4 METs), moderate physical activity group that performed 10.000 steps walking (5–8 METs) and intense physical activity group that trained exercises by at least 70% of VO2max three times a week (> 8 METs). All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet designed with a reduction of 500 kcal/day. Nutritional counseling was provided throughout the study period to help ensure dietary adherence. Results We found no differences in body weight compared to moderate and intense physical activity (ßstand. = − 0.138 vs. ßstand. = − 0.139). Body fat was lower in women following an intense activity (ßstand. = − 0.436) than those with moderate exercise (ßstand. = − 0.231). The high-intense activity also increased muscle mass at the end of the intervention, standing out above the moderate activity (ßstand. = 0.182 vs. ßstand. = 0.008). Conclusions These findings indicate that a hypocaloric diet, without prescription of physical activity, is adequate to lose weight in the short term (12 weeks), but physical activity is vital to modify the body composition in women with obesity. Body fat was lower when women practiced a moderate exercise compared to hypocaloric diet only, but an intense physical activity was the most effective protocol to obtain a reduction of body fat and maintain muscle mass. Trial registration The study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki for medical studies, it was approved by the bioethical committee of Córdoba University, in the Department of Health at the Regional Government of Andalusia (Act n°284, ref.4156) and retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03833791). Registered 2 January 2019.

scholarly journals El sedentarismo y la actividad física en trabajadores administrativos del sector público / Sedentary lifestyle and physical activity in administrative public sector workers

Ciencia Unemi ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
Graciela Mercedes Alvarez ◽  
Mariana Guadalupe Vargas ◽  
Herminia Morales Murillo ◽  
Mariana Guadalupe Vargas ◽  
Herminia Morales Murillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
World Health ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Physical Activity Questionnaire ◽  
Spare Time ◽  
Global Physical Activity Questionnaire ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
The City ◽  
Activity Questionnaire

En el presente artículo se plantea como objetivo caracterizar el nivel de sedentarismo y actividad física, que realiza el personal administrativo de diferentes instituciones del sector público de la ciudad de Milagro, Ecuador, considerando algunos espacios como el lugar de trabajo, forma de traslado y tiempo libre. Se trata de una investigación de tipo descriptiva de corte transversal, con una muestra de 240 participantes, de los cuáles el 48,5% son de sexo masculino (109) y 51,5% femenino (131). Como instrumento se utilizó el Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), elaborado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, aplicado en la versión corta en español-2002: Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ), que consta de 7 preguntas. Entre los principales resultados están que más del 54% del personal permanece sentado entre 7 y 12 horas diariamente. El 39% realiza una actividad moderada en su lugar de trabajo, el 8.8% actividad intensa y en su tiempo libre, el 67% de los participantes no realiza ningún deporte. Finalmente se concluye que al menos la mitad de los empleados administrativos de las empresas públicas en estudio, no realiza ninguna actividad que les permita disminuir el estado de sedentarismo.  ABSTRACTThis study aims to characterize the level of sedentary behavior and physical activity, of the administrative staff of various Organism of public sector at the city of Milagro, Ecuador, considering some areas as: the workplace, way of transportation, and their spare time. This is a descriptive research cross-section, with a sample of 240 participants, of which 48.5% are male (109) and 51.5% are female (131). The instrument that was used is the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), prepared by the World Health Organization, implemented in the short Spanish version -2002: International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), which consists of 7 questions. As main results are that more than 54% of staff remains seated between 7 and 12 hours daily. The 39% perform moderate activity in their workplace, 8.8% intense activity and in their spare time, 67% of participants did not perform any sport. Finally it was concluded that at least half of the administrative employees of public companies in the city of Milagro, do not perform any activity that allows them to reduce the state of inactivity.

scholarly journals Changes in body composition with a hypocaloric diet combined with sedentary, moderate and high-intense physical activity: a randomized controlled trial.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Hernández-Reyes ◽  
Fernando Cámara-Martos ◽  
Rafael Molina-Luque ◽  
Manuel Romero-Saldaña ◽  
Guillermo Molina-Recio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Physical Activity Group ◽  
Intense Physical Activity

Abstract Background There is evidence showing the effectiveness of a hypocaloric diet and the increase in physical activity on weight loss. However, the combined role of these factors, not only on weight loss but also body composition, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hypocaloric diet on the body composition of obese adult women when different degrees of physical activity are trained during a weight loss program. Methods One hundred and seventeen healthy female volunteers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 one of the experimental groups: a control group with a low-level prescription of physical activity (1-4 METs), moderate physical activity group that performed 10.000 steps walking (5-8 METs) and intense physical activity group that trained exercises by at least 70% of VO2max three times a week (>8 METs). All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet designed with a reduction of 500 kcal/day. Nutritional counseling was provided throughout the study period to help ensure dietary adherence. Results No differences in body weight were found when compared moderate and intense physical activity (ß stand. = -0.138 vs ß stand. = -0.139). Body fat was lower in women following an intense activity (ß stand. = -0.436) than those with moderate exercise (ß stand. = -0.231). Intense activity also increased muscle mass at the end of the intervention, standing out above the moderate activity (ß stand. = 0.182 vs. ß stand. = 0.008). Conclusions These findings indicate that hypocaloric diet, without prescription of physical activity, is effective to lose weight, in the short term (12 weeks) but Physical activity is the working target to modify the body composition in women with obesity. Body fat was lower when women practiced a moderate exercise compared to hypocaloric diet only, but an intense physical activity was the most effective protocol to obtain a reduction of body fat and maintain muscle mass. Trial registration Trial registration: ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT03833791. Registered 1 January 2019 - Retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Changes in body composition with a hypocaloric diet combined with sedentary, moderate and high-intense physical activity: a randomized controlled trial.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Hernández-Reyes ◽  
Fernando Cámara-Martos ◽  
Rafael Molina-Luque ◽  
Manuel Romero-Saldaña ◽  
Guillermo Molina-Recio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Physical Activity Group ◽  
Intense Physical Activity

Abstract Background There is evidence showing the effectiveness of a hypocaloric diet and the increase in physical activity on weight loss. However, the combined role of these factors, not only on weight loss but also body composition, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a hypocaloric diet on the body composition of obese adult women throughout different degrees of physical activity during a weight loss program. Methods One hundred and seventeen healthy female volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups: a control group with a low-level prescription of physical activity (1-4 METs), moderate physical activity group that performed 10.000 steps walking (5-8 METs) and intense physical activity group that trained exercises by at least 70% of VO2max three times a week (>8 METs). All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet designed with a reduction of 500 kcal/day. Nutritional counseling was provided throughout the study period to help ensure dietary adherence. Results We found no differences in body weight compared to moderate and intense physical activity (ßstand. = -0.138 vs. ßstand. = -0.139). Body fat was lower in women following an intense activity (ßstand. = -0.436) than those with moderate exercise (ßstand. = -0.231). The high-intense activity also increased muscle mass at the end of the intervention, standing out above the moderate activity (ßstand. = 0.182 vs. ßstand. = 0.008). Conclusions These findings indicate that a hypocaloric diet, without prescription of physical activity, is adequate to lose weight in the short term (12 weeks), but physical activity is vital to modify the body composition in women with obesity. Body fat was lower when women practiced a moderate exercise compared to hypocaloric diet only, but an intense physical activity was the most effective protocol to obtain a reduction of body fat and maintain muscle mass. Trial registration The study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki for medical studies, it was approved by the bioethical committee of Córdoba University, in the Department of Health at the Regional Government of Andalusia (Act nº284, ref.4156) and retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03833791). Registered 2 January 2019

scholarly journals Changes in body composition with a hypocaloric diet combined with sedentary, moderate and high-intense physical activity: a randomized controlled trial.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Hernández-Reyes ◽  
F. Cámara-Martos ◽  
R. Molina-Luque ◽  
M. Romero-Saldaña ◽  
G. Molina-Recio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Physical Activity Group ◽  
Intense Physical Activity

Abstract Background There is evidence showing the effectiveness of a hypocaloric diet and the increase in physical activity on weight loss. However, the combined role of these factors, not only on weight loss but also body composition, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a hypocaloric diet on the body composition of obese adult women throughout different degrees of physical activity during a weight loss program. Methods One hundred and seventeen healthy female volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups: a control group with a low-level prescription of physical activity (1-4 METs), moderate physical activity group that performed 10.000 steps walking (5-8 METs) and intense physical activity group that trained exercises by at least 70% of VO2max three times a week (>8 METs). All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet designed with a reduction of 500 kcal/day. Nutritional counseling was provided throughout the study period to help ensure dietary adherence. Results We found no differences in body weight compared to moderate and intense physical activity (ßstand. = -0.138 vs. ßstand. = -0.139). Body fat was lower in women following an intense activity (ßstand. = -0.436) than those with moderate exercise (ßstand. = -0.231). The high-intense activity also increased muscle mass at the end of the intervention, standing out above the moderate activity (ßstand. = 0.182 vs. ßstand. = 0.008). Conclusions These findings indicate that a hypocaloric diet, without prescription of physical activity, is adequate to lose weight in the short term (12 weeks), but physical activity is vital to modify the body composition in women with obesity. Body fat was lower when women practiced a moderate exercise compared to hypocaloric diet only, but an intense physical activity was the most effective protocol to obtain a reduction of body fat and maintain muscle mass. Trial registration The study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki for medical studies, it was approved by the bioethical committee of Córdoba University, in the Department of Health at the Regional Government of Andalusia (Act nº284, ref.4156) and retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03833791). Registered 2 January 2019

scholarly journals Changes in body composition with a hypocaloric diet combined with sedentary, moderate and high-intense physical activity: a randomized controlled trial.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Hernández-Reyes ◽  
F. Cámara-Martos ◽  
R. Molina-Luque ◽  
M. Romero-Saldaña ◽  
G. Molina-Recio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Physical Activity Group ◽  
Intense Physical Activity

Abstract Background There is evidence showing the effectiveness of a hypocaloric diet and the increase in physical activity on weight loss. However, the combined role of these factors, not only on weight loss but also body composition, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a hypocaloric diet on the body composition of obese adult women throughout different degrees of physical activity during a weight loss program. Methods One hundred and seventeen healthy female volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups: a control group with a low-level prescription of physical activity (1-4 METs), moderate physical activity group that performed 10.000 steps walking (5-8 METs) and intense physical activity group that trained exercises by at least 70% of VO2max three times a week (>8 METs). All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet designed with a reduction of 500 kcal/day. Nutritional counseling was provided throughout the study period to help ensure dietary adherence. Results We found no differences in body weight compared to moderate and intense physical activity (ßstand. = -0.138 vs. ßstand. = -0.139). Body fat was lower in women following an intense activity (ßstand. = -0.436) than those with moderate exercise (ßstand. = -0.231). The high-intense activity also increased muscle mass at the end of the intervention, standing out above the moderate activity (ßstand. = 0.182 vs. ßstand. = 0.008). Conclusions These findings indicate that a hypocaloric diet, without prescription of physical activity, is adequate to lose weight in the short term (12 weeks), but physical activity is vital to modify the body composition in women with obesity. Body fat was lower when women practiced a moderate exercise compared to hypocaloric diet only, but an intense physical activity was the most effective protocol to obtain a reduction of body fat and maintain muscle mass. Trial registration The study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki for medical studies, it was approved by the bioethical committee of Córdoba University, in the Department of Health at the Regional Government of Andalusia (Act nº284, ref.4156) and retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03833791). Registered 2 January 2019

Exercise Dependence and Morphine Addiction: Evidence From Animal Models

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Ferreira ◽  
Fabien Cornilleau ◽  
Fernando Perez-Diaz ◽  
Charles Cohen-Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Activity Wheel ◽  
Morphine Dependence ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Behavioral Interaction ◽  
Wheel Running Activity ◽  
Morphine Addiction

This study used animal models to examine potential similarities between dependence on physical activity (i.e., exercise) and dependence on morphine. Using C57BL/6 mice, the study also tested the hypothesis that physical exercise (e.g., long-term wheel running) may enhance vulnerability to the development of morphine dependence. The existence of an endorphin-related dependence induced by physical activity was also assessed. Naloxone was used to precipitate morphine withdrawal in mice accustomed to morphine. Specifically, the study sought to assess the intensity of addiction provoked by injection of morphine in mice that engaged in wheel-running activity as opposed to inactive mice. After 25 days of free access to activity wheel, mice that engaged in wheel-running demonstrated increased vulnerability to naloxone-induced withdrawal symptoms, which may be linked to activation of peripheral, as opposed to central, opioid receptors. These results indicate a behavioral interaction in which engaging in wheel running appears to potentiate the effects of morphine addiction. Implications of these findings for understanding human behavior and exercise addiction are also discussed.

Spontaneous appetence for wheel-running: a model of dependency on physical activity in rat

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 580-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Ferreira ◽  
Stéphanie Lamarque ◽  
Patrice Boyer ◽  
Fernando Perez-Diaz ◽  
Roland Jouvent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Activity Wheel ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Free Access ◽  
As Doping ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Activity Dependence ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Free Activity

AbstractAccording to human observations of a syndrome of physical activity dependence and its consequences, we tried to examine if running activity in a free activity paradigm, where rats had a free access to activity wheel, may present a valuable animal model for physical activity dependence and most generally to behavioral dependence. The pertinence of reactivity to novelty, a well-known pharmacological dependence predictor was also tested. Given the close linkage observed in human between physical activity and drugs use and abuse, the influence of free activity in activity wheels on reactivity to amphetamine injection and reactivity to novelty were also assessed. It appeared that (1) free access to wheel may be used as a valuable model for physical activity addiction, (2) two populations differing in activity amount also differed in dependence to wheel-running. (3) Reactivity to novelty did not appeared as a predictive factor for physical activity dependence (4) activity modified novelty reactivity and (5) subjects who exhibited a high appetence to wheel-running, presented a strong reactivity to amphetamine. These results propose a model of dependency on physical activity without any pharmacological intervention, and demonstrate the existence of individual differences in the development of this addiction. In addition, these data highlight the development of a likely vulnerability to pharmacological addiction after intense and sustained physical activity, as also described in man. This model could therefore prove pertinent for studying behavioral dependencies and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. These results may influence the way psychiatrists view behavioral dependencies and phenomena such as doping in sport or addiction to sport itself.

scholarly journals The Effects of Intense Physical Activity on Stress in Adolescents: Findings from Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (2015–2017)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1870
Author(s):  
Hwi Jun Kim ◽  
So Yeon Oh ◽  
Doo Woong Lee ◽  
Junhyun Kwon ◽  
Eun-Cheol Park
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Korean Adolescents ◽  
Youth Risk Behavior ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Managing Stress ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Intense Physical Activity

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between intense physical activity and stress in Korean adolescents. The study used data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (KYRBWS), 2015–2017, that included 170,359 responses from Korean adolescents. Intense activity and stress were measured by self-diagnosis. Additionally, the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analyses were used. It was revealed that 78.9% of Korean adolescents were exposed to stress. Students who engaged in physical activity more than five times per week were less likely to be stressed than those who did not (boys odds ratio (OR): 0.79, confidence interval (CI): 0.78–0.80, p for trend: <0.0001; girls OR: 0.77, CI: 0.75–0.79, p for trend: <0.0001). The results indicated the same tendency among both boys and girls. The results of subgroup analysis revealed that students living with relatives or in childcare facilities were more likely to experience stress if they had insufficient exercise. In addition, the results confirmed that the probability of suicidal ideation increased as the frequency of exercise decreased. This study suggests that intense physical activity in Korean adolescents has a positive effect on stress management in both boys and girls. Hence, physical activity should be encouraged and implemented for managing stress.

Influence of Moderate and Strenuous Daily Physical Activity on Fibrinolytic Activity of Blood: Possibility of Plasminogen Activator Stores Depletion

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 745-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dušan Keber ◽  
Mojca Stegnar ◽  
Irena Keber ◽  
Bojan Accetto
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Regular Physical Activity ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Lysis Time ◽  
Strenuous Activity ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Clot Lysis Time

SummaryFibrinolysis was studied in 10 alpinists during regular physical activity of different intensity. Blood was sampled at rest and after exposure to submaximal workload on the treadmill on three occasions: before and after 6 months physical conditioning (moderate physical activity), and after 6 weeks of an alpinistic expedition (strenuous physical activity). Measurements included submaximal working capacity, fibrinogen, euglobulin clot lysis time (ELT), whole plasma clot lysis time, and estimations derived from ELT - percent increase in fibrinolytic activity after exercise (RFS), and absolute increase in fibrinolytic activity after exercise (PAR).Regular moderate activity increased the resting level of ELT, but strenuous activity decreased is. After each treadmill testing, a marked increase in fibrinolytic activity was observed. RFS was unaltered at all three testings. PAR increased after moderate activity, but decreased after strenuous activity.The results indicate that regular physical activity can lead from enhanced to decreased resting activity of plasminogen activator in blood. It is presumed that increased release of activator during prolonged stress causes partial depletion of endothelial stores with the consequence of decreased activator activity in the blood.

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